GRAMYA.C.

V 10/PECA/019 Chemi Dolkar 10/PECA/015

 Land

tenure refers to the system of ownership of land, the terms and condition under which land is leased to the tiller by the land lord . During the colonial era there was mainly 3 types of tenurial system in India.

 Zamindari Ryotwari

system

system
system

Mahalwari

state

Zamindars
peasants

state
Village head peasants

 The

tenancy system in India was not in an organised manner to produce best results and prosperity to the tenets or agri
tenancy system divided the community in to groups.

The

class called landless labour emerged

 The

class called middle man of zamindars emerged. they exploited tenents .

was least interested in making investment in agri.

Owner

Land reform means abolishing the existing land holding by introducing a rationalized structure in order to increase agricultural productivity. It is the re distribution of land to landless labors and small famers in order to Promote efficiency of the agricultural production In India for centuries the agriculture remained stagnant. The reason for this was the land relation structure in India . there fore In the re-organization and the development of Indian economy , land reform has a significant role

 From

the economic point of view the purpose of the land reform is to maximize agriculture output.
the social point of view there should be no exploitation of one class by other

From

Restructuring agrarian relation to active egalitarian social structure

Elimination of exploitation in land relation.

Actualization of the goal of land to the tiller.

Improvement of the conditions of the rural poor by widening their land base. Increasing agri pdn and productivity. Infusion of a greater measure of equality in local institutions.

 Abolition

of intermediaries Tenancy reforms Reorganization of agri

 Means

regulation of lord tenants relationship by fixing fair rents, conferring the security of tenets to tenants ; bringing tenants into direct relation ship with the state in respect of areas in which landlord is entitled to resume and gradual conferment of land owner ship rights on the tenants.
the abolition of the intermediaries nearly 20 million tenants became the land owners

By

 As

a result of land reforms the top layers of absentee land lords has been skimmed off. Kerala and west Bengal are examples for the states which implemented land reforms successfully.

 Tenants:
1. 2. 3.

Occupancy tenants Tenants-at-will Sub-tenants Measures: Regulation of rent Security of tenure Conferment of ownership rights on tenants

o 1. 2. 3.

 The

rent charged by zamindars from the tenants was exorbitant. Unlimited power of suppression to the zamindars to squeeze the tenants. Brij Narayan in Punjab as much as 80% of the produce was extracted from the tenants in the form of rent. In Bombay (Mumbai) 40-60% H.D Malviya in the country as a whole, the rate varied between 34 to 75%.

 The

1st Five Year Plan stated that maximum rent should be fixed at or 1/5 of the total produce. The rates of rent have been fixed at different levels in different states. In Punjab and Haryana it is 1/3 of the gross produce, in Tamil Nadu it varies from 33.5 to 40% and in Andhra Pradesh 25 to 30%. However, legislations fixing maximum limit of rent have been often violated. Because of the strong socio-economic and political hold of the landowners.

 This

is partly due to the fact that in some areas sharecroppers are not aware of the legal provisions but more importantly because of the fact that they are economically and socially weaker as compared to the landowners and are not in a position to assert their rights.

 To

protect tenants from ejectment and grant them permanent rights in land, legislations have been passed in most of the States. Aims: 1. Ejectments do not take place except in accordance with the provisions of the law 2. Land may be resumed by an owner, if at all, for personal cultivation only 3. In the event of resumption, the tenant is assured of a prescribed minimum area.

 It

has been repeatedly emphasized in the Plan documents that ownership rights should be conferred to tenants. Some States have passed legislations to confer right of ownership. West Bengal, Karnataka and Kerala have achieved more success than the other States. It has been estimated that as a result of laws conferring ownership rights on tenants in various States, approximately 12.42 million tenants have acquired ownership rights over 6.32 million hectares of land.

Statutory absolute limit on the amount of land which an individual may hold. Beyond this maximum size all land belonging to the landlords is taken over by the government to be distributed among the landless labourers. Aspects: 1. Ceiling on future acquisition 2. Ceilings in existing holdings. o The 1st Plan favoured the former only as the latter was expected to categorically recommended imposing ceilings on existing agricultural holdings.

 To

solve the problem of fragmentation of holdings. The method adopted is to grant one consolidated holding to the farmer equal to the total of the land in different scattered under is possession. Initially the programme of consolidation was started on a voluntary basis but later made compulsory. Only one million hectares of land has been covered under consolidation which is merely 1/3 of the cropped area in the country.

Though consolidation of holdings is a very useful instrument to solve the problem of fragmentation, the task is not completely accomplished unless laws are passed to prevent fragmentation in future. In the case of such laws, land can be sub-divided and fragmented again on account of the factors such as law of inheritance, pressure of population, etc. Keeping such consolidations in view, legislations have passed in most of the States preventing sub-division and fragmentation beyond a certain minimum limit. (standard area)

To solve the problems created by sub-division of holdings. There is that farmers having very small holdings should join hands and pool their lands for the purpose of cultivation. The problem of sub-division and fragmentation of holdings can be best solved through the introduction of a system of co-operative farming. It provides for the pooling of resources of the cultivation in land, labour and capital. Earnings from the land are divided among the farmers in accordance with the principle mutually agreed upon among them.

 Causes

for the slow progression of land reforms. 1) Delay in implementing measures 2) Definition of personal cultivation 3) Limits of retention of land for personal cultivation 4) Definition of tenants inadequate 5) The problem of voluntary surrender 6) Inadequacies in ceiling laws 7) Lack of political will

The net result of the slow progression of the land reforms the land reforms these have made future land reforms more difficult to implement because of the emergence of rich farmers as a very powerful political force in economy On the other hand the peasant movement rather weak . nevertheless the since the owner ship of land is a source of power in India land reforms remain A major issue for bringing about socio economic equality in rural society.

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