Discrete Event Control

CONTENTS
1. Introduction 2. State Diagram 3. Boolean Logical Equation

Lecture note 7 discrete event control

Discrete Event Control

1. Introduction

DEC: both input and output control variable are discrete variables that change values as a result of the occurrence of events Multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) discrete logical controller, see Figure 1, where Ii is discrete value-based input variable, and Yi discrete value-based output. Ii and Yi only take value 0 (off) or 1 (on). Input and output devices are usually located at a distance from the controller.
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Introduction
Figure 1
I1 Discrete I2 Ip Logic Y2 Ym Y1

Controller

Lecture note 7 discrete event control

Introduction
Figure 2

Figure 3
Level Limit Switch LLS Controller V Valve

Lecture note 7 discrete event control

 We need a method to represent system dynamics. Control system: including both plant and controller. However, in discrete event driven system, plant dynamics is ignored. Therefore, the control system for discrete event driven system reduces to the controller only. State and state diagram is the method. Next, we discuss state and state diagram.
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State Diagram
States: indicators that system changes State Variables: assign a name to each independent class of states EX 1: Switch: on and off. (1,0). State change has a cause. State diagram (Fig.4, Fig.5) represents the cause-state change. In particular, node: state; edge: cause. In this example, we define: LLS=0 for the level of liquid is below L LLS=1 for the level of liquid is above L

Is LLS state variable?

NO
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State Diagram
1. State -> System state. 2. System: components: valve, pump. 3. Fluid: is not a part of the system, though the fluid has its state as well. Level of fluid in the tank can be considered as a kind of state, but not in the sense of system state. 4. Since we concern system state, the level of fluid is not considered as a state variable. Level of fluid is input variable in this case; see the next slide. 5. In future, state refers to system state, but we omit word system here.
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State Diagram
Level of fluid: LLS

Control system (X: state variable)

Remain to see what is X and what is output.

Lecture note 7 discrete event control

State diagram
Figure 4

Figure 5

Lecture note 7 discrete event control

State Diagram
Level of fluid: LLS

Control system (X: state variable)

X: state variable: valve

Output: X as well
So we have: output = X
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State Diagram
It is noted that the two circles represent different states of one state variable (i.e., valve). The system in EX 1 has only one state variable. EX 2: In EX 1, if we introduce also the pump in the system. In particular, there is a piece of knowledge: when the valve is closed the pump must be off. We can sum up the desired control actions as follows:

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State Diagram
State variables: X1: pump; X2: valve. X1: X1=0: pump off X1=1: pump on X2: X2=0: valve is closed X2=1: valve is open

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State Diagram (for controller)

1. Open the valve if it is closed and the level of liquid in the tank is less than the desired level L (LLS=0), or keep the valve open if LLS=0. 2. Close the valve if it is open and the level of liquid in the

tank is equal to or greater than the desired level L

(LLS=1), or keep the valve closed if LLS=1. 3. Turn the pump on if it is off and the valve is open and

LLS=0, or keep the pump on if it is already on and the

valve is open and LLS=0.
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State Diagram
4. Turn the pump off if it is on and LLS=1, or keep the pump off if LLS=1. The above expressions of control action can be represented by two state variables, namely X1 (for pump) and X2 (for valve)

X1=0, X2=0 (pump off, valve closed)

X1=0, X2=1 (pump off, valve open) X1=1, X2=1 (pump on, valve open) Fig.6 shows the state diagram for EX 2.

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State Diagram
Figure 6

Put all state variables of the system in one circle

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State Diagram
Fig. 7 shows another way to represent the state diagram for EX 2. The features of Fig. 7 are: 1. Each node represents one state variable with its

value.
2. A state variable can be the cause of changes for

other state variables.

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State Diagram
Fig. 7 The meaning that the pump can never be on if the valve is closed has not been represented by the state diagram. This shows some limitation of the state diagram
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State Diagram
Level of fluid: LLS

Control system (X: state variable)

X1: state variable: pump X2: state variable: valve Output: X1, X2 So we have: output = X
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State Diagram: Summary

I

Control system (X: state variable)

I: a vector of inputs O: a vector of outputs X: a vector of state variables

I and O are in general function of X. In a special case, O=X or I=X.

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State Diagram: Summary

1. State diagram involves logical variables that take 0 or 1 as their values. State diagram has nodes and edges. 2. Each edge represents one cause or event for the state change in the corresponding nodes. The cause is also a representation of the logical variables. For instance, in Fig. 7, the cause can be written as: X2=1 and LLS =0. 3. The state diagram has some limitation to express the meaning of the desired control action.

A formal way or mathematical way to represent the meaning: If X2=1 AND LLS=0, X1 changes from 0 to 1. This desire leads us to think of Boolean algebra. The idea is to think another way to represent the controller or control system. The next will discuss Boolean algebra.
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Boolean Logic Equations

Boolean Logic Equations

Let A and B be binary variables; that is, A, B=0, or 1.
When A =1 (B=1) means that A is true (resp., B is true).

A =0 (B=0) means that A is false (resp., B is false).

(1) A+B means that either A or B is true A+B=0 when A=0 and B=0 A+B=1 otherwise
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Boolean Logic Equation

(2) AB means that both A and B are true AB=1 when A=1 and B=1 AB=0 otherwise (3) Not operation, by

A 1 A 0

when A=0
when A=1
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Lecture note 7 discrete event control