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We often use with the following verbs: in up on away round over by out off back through along about down over
So you can say put up get on take off. These are phrasal verbs.
We often use out/off/up etc. with verbs of movement. Get on Drive off Come back Turn around
But often the second word (out/off/up) gives a special meaning to the verb. Break down Look out Take off Get up Get on Get by
Sometimes a phrasal verb is followed by a preposition. For example: Run away from Keep up with Look forward to Cut down on
everyday expressions
Everyday spoken language is full of fixed expressions that are not necessarily difficult to understand (their meaning may be quite 'transparent') but which have a fixed form which does not change. These have to be learnt as whole expressions. These expressions are often hard to find in dictionaries, so listen out for them.
Conversation-building expressions
These are some common expressions that help to modify or organise what we are saying. There are many more expressions like these.
expression As I was saying. I havent seen her for ages. As I/you say, we'll have to get there early to get a seat. Talking of skiing, whatever happened to Bill Jakes? If you ask me, she's heading for trouble.
meaning/functions takes the conversation back to an earlier point. repeats and confirms something someone has already said. starting a new topic but linking it to the present one. if you want my opinion (even if no-one has asked for it)
That reminds me, I something in the haven't rung George yet. conversation reminds you of something Come to think of it, did important. something in the he give me his number conversation makes you after all? I think he may realise there may be a have forgotten. problem/query about something.
Key words
Some everyday expressions can be grouped around key words. This and that, for example, occur in several expressions:
We talked about this and that, or this, that and the other. [various unimportant THIS / THAT matters] So, that's that, then. [that is agreed, settled, finalised]
As far as I'm concerned, we can eat at any time. [as far as it affects me / from my point of view] As luck would have it, she was out when we called. [as a result of bad luck]
Creating a picture in your mind can often help you remember the simile: as blind as a bat as thin as a rake as strong as an ox as quiet as a mouse
Some can be remembered as pairs of opposites. as heavy as lead z as light as a feather as drunk as a lord z as sober as a judge as black as night z as white as snow
Some can be remembered by sound patterns. as brown as a berry as good as gold as cool as a cucumber
You'll have to speak up; he's as deaf as a post. Don't worry. Using the computer's as easy as falling off a log. She knew the answer as quick as a flash. When I told him, his face went as red as a beetroot.
Sometimes the second part can change the meaning of the first.
The Princess's skin was as white as snow. [beautifully white] When he saw it, his face went as white as a sheet. [pale with fear/horror] The fish was bad and I was as sick as a dog. [vomiting] She ran off with my money; I felt as sick as a parrot. [bad feeling of disillusionment/frustration]
Like ...
My plan worked like a dream, and the problem was soon solved. Be careful the boss doesn't see you; she has eyes like a hawk. No wonder he's fat. He eats like a horse and drinks like a fish. Did you sleep well? Yes, thanks, like a log.
Sorry, I forgot to ring him again. I've got a head like a sieve! The boss is like a bear with a sore head today. [in a very bad temper] She goes around like a bull in a china shop. [behaving in a very clumsy, insensitive way] Criticising the government in his presence is like a red rag to a bull. [certain to make him very angry]
Binomials
Binomials are expressions (often idiomatic) where two words are joined by a conjunction (usually 'and'). The order of the words is usually fixed. It is best to use them only in informal situations, with one or two exceptions.
odds and ends: small, unimportant things, e.g. Let's get the main things packed; we can do the odds and ends later. give and take: a spirit of compromise, e.g. Every relationship needs a bit of give and take to be successful.
You can often tell something is a binomial because of the sound pattern.
Tears are part and parcel of growing up. [part of / belong to] The boss was ranting and raving at us. [shouting / very angry] The old cottage has gone to rack and ruin. [ruined / decayed]
He's so prim and proper at work. [rather formal and fussy] The hotel was a bit rough and ready. [poor standard] She has to wine and dine important clients. [entertain]
It's nice to have some peace and quiet. [peace/calm] The doctor recommended some rest and recreation. [relaxation] First and foremost, you must work hard. [first / most importantly]
To and fro can be used just like back and forth. He is unemployed and down and out. [without a home or money] She's better now, and out and about again. [going out] She ran up and down the street. [in both directions]
Your language probably has many binomials. Make sure those which look similar in English have the same word order as your language. These four are very neutral binomials and can be used in formal or informal situations. Try translating them. A black and white film, please. Ladies and gentlemen, your attention, please! She ran back and forth. There was hot and cold water in every room.
She didn't want to be just friends; it had to be all or nothing. Well I'm sorry, that's all I can offer you; take it or leave it. It's about the same distance as from here to Dublin, give or take a few miles. [perhaps a mile or two more, or a mile or two less]
Reacting in situations
Two pairs of more or less opposite idioms. to take a back seat [not do anything; let others act instead] z to take the bull by the horns [act positively to face and attack the problem]
to keep one's cards close to one's chest [hold back information] z to lay one's cards on the table [be very open, state exactly what your position is]
I'm afraid we've just come to a dead end with our plans. I think I've reached a turning-point in my career.
do without
manage without
do out of
make of
think (opinion)
make off
make up for make up to
leave hurriedly
compensate for be nice to in order to get s.t.
Some phrasal verbs have a number of different meanings; do up can mean not only 'fasten but also 'renovate' and 'put into a bundle'. Similarly, make out can mean 'claim', 'manage to see' and 'understand' as well as 'write' or 'complete'; make up can mean 'compose' or 'invent'; it can also mean 'constitute' or 'form', 'put cosmetics on', 'prepare by mixing together various ingredients' and 'make something more numerous or complete'.
There are a lot of other common expressions based on do and make. You do: the housework / some gardening / the washing-up / homework / your best / the shopping /the cooking / business with ..., and so on.
You make: arrangements / an agreement / a suggestion / a decision / a cup of tea / war / an attempt / a phone call / the best of.. . / an effort / an excuse / a mistake / a bed / a profit / a loss / love / the most of / a noise / a good or bad impression / a success of ... / a point of ... / allowances for ... / a gesture / a face / fun of ... / a fuss of ... / a go (a success) of ..., and so on.
The more collocations with do and make you learn, the more you will get a 'feel' for the difference between the two verbs.
Here are some common phrasal verbs with bring. Each is exemplified in a typical spoken sentence and a more formal equivalent is provided in brackets.
I was brought up in the country. [raise] Don't give up. I'm sure you'll bring it off. [succeed] Cold winds always bring on her cough. [cause to start] The strike brought about a change of government. [cause to happen] I hope they don't bring back capital punishment. [re-introduce]
The plane took off two hours late. [left the ground] She's very good at taking off her teacher. [imitate] We'll have to take on more staff if we're to take on more work. [employ; undertake] She took to him at once. [form an immediate liking for] When did you take up golf? [start (a hobby)]
Here are some other common idioms with bring and take.
The new regulations will be brought into force in May ... [become law] His research brought some very interesting facts to light. [revealed] Matters were brought to a head when Pat was sacked. [reached a point where changes had to be made] It's better that everything should be brought into the open. [made public]
His new girlfriend has really brought out the best in him. [been good for him] Don't let him take advantage of you. [unfairly use superiority] After 20 years of marriage they take each other for granted. [don't appreciate each other's qualities] I took it for granted you'd come. [assumed] She immediately took control of the situation. [started organising] His words took my breath away. [surprised]
She loves taking care of small children. [looking after, caring for] We took part in a demonstration last Saturday. [participated] The story takes place in Mexico. [happens] He doesn't seem to take pride in his work. [draw satisfaction from] Mother always takes everything in her stride. [copes calmly]
Get also has a number of other more specific meanings. It's my turn to get dinner tonight. [prepare a meal] I don't get it. Why did he speak like that? [understand] His behaviour really gets me at times. [annoy]
meaning reach, find do something wrong without being caught fail to produce something at the right time manage (financially) depress begin to give serious attention to manage
get on get out of get over get round get through get through get up to
advance, develop avoid a responsibility recover from spread come to a successful end use up all of to do (especially something bad)