Thermodynamics in Materials Engineering

Mat E 212 - Course Notes

R. E. Napolitano
Department of Materials Science & Engineering
Iowa State University

Reaction Equilibria
and an introduction to Ellingham Diagrams

A simple chemical reaction
C B A 2 +
State I
1A 1B
State II
2C
C n B n A n
C B A
+ +
Intermediate state
I II
G G G = A


B A C
G G G = 2
Reaction coordinate
A
n
B
n
C
n
1
1
0
0
0
2
A B
n n =
B A C
n n n = 2
A
n 2 2 =
( )
A
n = 1 2
A
n
A
n
( )
A
n 1 2
C C B B A A
n n n G + + =
( )
C A B A A A
n n n + + = 1 2
For any intermediate state:
Consider only the mixing of A and B
State I
1A 1B
C B A 2 +
State II
2C
C n B n A n
C B A
+ +
Intermediate state
I II
G G G = A


B A C
G G G = 2
0
0
2
A B
n n =
B A C
n n n = 2
A
n 2 2 =
( )
A
n = 1 2
A
n
A
n
( )
A
n 1 2
C C B B A A
n n n G + + =
( )
C A B A A A
n n n + + = 1 2
Reaction coordinate
A
n
B
n
C
n
1
1
0
For any intermediate state:
X
B
G
Consider only the mixing of A and B
State I
1A 1B

A
G

B
G
For 1 mole A
and 1 mole B
(MIXED)
A+B
I
G

B B A A
G X G X +
(UNMIXED)
A B
For 1 mole A
and 1 mole B
( )
B B A A B B A A
X X X X RT G X G X ln ln + + + =

mix B B A A
S T G X G X A +

Gibbs free energy along reaction coordinate
State I State II
C B A 2 +
1A 1B 2C
C n B n A n
C B A
+ +
Intermediate state
I II
G G G = A


B A C
G G G = 2
Reaction coordinate

A
G

B
G
mixed
A+B
I
G A B

C C B B A A
G n G n G n + +
C C B B A A
n n n + +

C II
G G 2 =
Equilibrium State
0 =
c
c
A
n
G
A simple chemical reaction
State I State II
C B A 2 +
1A 1B 2C
C n B n A n
C B A
+ +
Intermediate state
I II
G G G = A


B A C
G G G = 2
( )
C A B A A A
n n n + + = 1 2
C C B B A A
n n n G + + =
Recall:
i i i
a RT G ln + =

( ) ( ) ( )( )
C C A B B A A A A
a RT G n a RT G n a RT G n G ln 1 2 ln ln + + + + + =

( ) ( ) | |
C A B A A A C A B A A A
a n a n a n RT G n G n G n ln 1 2 ln ln 1 2 + + + + + =

( ) 0 ln 2 ln ln 2 = + + + =
c
c
C B A C B A
A
a a a RT G G G
n
G

Find
minimum
along
reaction
coordinate:

G A
( )
C B A
a a a RT G ln 2 ln ln + = A

A condition of equilibrium
State I State II
C B A 2 +
1A 1B 2C
C n B n A n
C B A
+ +
Intermediate state
I II
G G G = A


B A C
G G G = 2
( )
C B A
a a a RT G ln 2 ln ln + = A

|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
2
ln
C
B A
a
a a
RT G

|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
B A
C
a a
a
RT G
2
ln

K RT G ln = A

K is defined as an
Equilibrium Constant
Temperature dependence
K RT G ln = A

|
|
.
|

\
| A
=
RT
G
K

exp

S T H G A A = A
Note that:

S
T
H
T
G
A
A
=
A
2
T
H
T
G
T

A
=
|
|
.
|

\
| A
c
c
( )
2
ln
T
H
K R
T

A
=
c
c
2
ln
RT
H
T
K

A
=
c
c
( )

H
T
G
T
A =
|
|
.
|

\
| A
c
c
1
( )
( )

H K R
T
A =
c
c
ln
1
( ) R
H K
T

A
=
c
c
1
ln
Temperature dependence
( ) R
H K
T

A
=
c
c
1
ln
K ln
T / 1
K increases
with temperature.
K decreases
with temperature.
A simple reaction
) ( 2 ) (
2
1
s s
MO O M +
Ar O +
2
MO
M
Furnace control T
2
O
p
2
O
p
T
A simple reaction
) ( 2 ) (
2
1
s s
MO O M +

T G 11 . 66 30540+ = A

S A
) ( 2 ) (
2
1
s s
AgO O Ag +

H A
( ) R
H K
T

A
=
c
c
1
ln
Recall:
K ln
T / 1
A simple reaction
K ln
T / 1
Here: 30540 = A

H
0 < A

H (Exothermic)
K decreases as T increases.
) ( 2 ) (
2
1
s s
MO O M +
y
B
x
A
z
C
a a
a
RT
G
K =
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
=

exp
2 / 1
2
1
o
p
=
If K decreases with increasing T,
p
O2
must increase with increasing T.
2
1
2
1
ln
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
O
p
RT G

2
ln
2
1
O
p RT G = A

A simple reaction
) ( 2 ) (
2
1
s s
MO O M +

S T H G A A = A
2
ln
2
1
O
p RT G = A

K RT G ln = A


S T H G A A = A
These are tabulated.
(See Table A-1, p.582.)

G A
T

H A

S A
An example
) ( 2 ) (
2
1
s s
FeO O Fe + T G 35 . 64 263700+ = A

H A

S A

G A
T
0 = A

G
at this
temperature.
2
ln
2
1
O
p RT G = A

atm p
O
1
2
=
0 = A

G
0
The p
O2
scale

G A
T
atm p
O
1
2
=
0
For any constant p
O2
:
2
ln
2
1
O
p RT G = A

T p R G
O
|
.
|

\
|
= A
2
ln
2
1

1
2
<
O
p
1
2
>
O
p
Combined reactions
FeO O Fe 2 2
2
+ ) ( 130 . 0 8 . 528 kJ T G + = A

2 2
2 2 CO O CO + ) ( 174 . 0 8 . 564 kJ T G + = A

2
CO Fe CO FeO + +
) ( 022 . 0 0 . 18 kJ T G + = A

G A
T
0
C
The Ellingham-Richardson diagram
FeO O Fe 2 2
2
= + ) ( 7 . 128 400 , 527 J T G + = A

) ( 76 . 30 052 , 126 cal T G + = A

The Ellingham-Richardson diagram
FeO O Fe 2 2
2
= +
) ( 7 . 128 400 , 527 J T G + = A

) ( 76 . 30 052 , 126 cal T G + = A

K RT G ln = A

|
|
.
|

\
| A
=
RT
G
K

exp
At T=1000C:
( ) 1273 76 . 30 052 , 126 + = A

G
) / ( 895 , 86 mol cal =
|
|
.
|

\
| A
= =
RT
G
K
p
O

exp
1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
) 1273 )( / 987 . 1 (
/ 86895
exp
K mol K cal
mol cal
15
10 21 . 1

=
2
2
2
O Fe
FeO
a a
a
K =
2
1
O
p
K =
The Ellingham-Richardson diagram
FeO O Fe 2 2
2
= + ) ( 7 . 128 400 , 527 J T G + = A

) ( 76 . 30 052 , 126 cal T G + = A

15
10
2

~
O
p
The Ellingham-Richardson diagram
15
10
2

~
O
p
9
10
2

~
O
p
The EQ value of p
O2
will increase, and the reaction is forced to the left.
What if we establish EQ at 1000C and then raise the temperature to 1500C?
FeO O Fe 2 2
2
= +