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Chapter-2
Satellites orbits
GEO 36,000 km
Satellite Orbits
GEO LEO MEO HEO HAPs
MEO LEO 5,000 15,000 km 500 -1000 km
LEO (cont.)
Disadvantages
A network of LEO satellites is needed, which can be costly LEO satellites have to compensate for Doppler shifts cause by their relative movement. Atmospheric drag effects LEO satellites, causing gradual orbital deterioration.
The motion of natural and artificial satellites around earth is governed by two forces One of them is Centripetal force directed towards the center of the Earth due to gravitational force of Earth. Other is Centrifugal force is the force exerted during circular motion, by the moving object upon the other object around which it is moving.
Here Satellite is exerting centrifugal force. The force that is causing circular motions is centripetal force. These two forces are explained from Newtons Law of motion and Gravitation.
Fg = The force of gravity (typically in newtons) G = The gravitational constant, which adds the proper level of proportionality to the equation. The value of G is 6.67259 x 1011 N * m2 / kg2, although the value will change if other units are being used. m1 & m1 = The masses of the two particles (typically in kilograms) r = The straight-line distance between the two particles (typically in meters)
Dont let this be you. Wear seat belts. Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes in their motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.
Newtons 2nd Law The net force of an object is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration, or F=ma.
3rd Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
There are two forces resulting from this interaction - a force on the chair and a force on your body. These two forces are called action and reaction forces.
Johannes Kepler
German astronomer (1571 1630)
Spent most of his career tediously analyzing huge amounts of observational data (most compiled by Tycho Brahe) on planetary motion (orbit periods, orbit radii, etc.) Used his analysis to develop Laws of planetary motion. Laws in the sense that they agree with observation, but not true theoretical laws, such as Newtons Laws of Motion & Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation.
Keplers Laws
Keplers First Law
Keplers Laws are consistent with & are obtainable from Newtons Laws
All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus The radius vector drawn from the Sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals
The square of the orbital period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of the elliptical orbit
Typical Ellipse
Orbital Parameters The satellite orbit which in general is elliptical, is characterized by a number of parameters. The following are orbital elements and parameters. Ascending and Descending Node Equinoxes Solstices Apogee Perigee
Orbital Parameters Eccentricity Semi-Major Axis Right Ascension of Ascending Node Inclination Argument of the Perigee True Anomaly of Satellite Angles Defining Direction of Satellite
Equinox
An equinox occurs twice a year (around 20 March and 22 September), when the tilt of the Earth's axis is inclined neither away from nor towards the Sun, the center of the Sun being in the same plane as the Earth's equator. The term equinox can also be used in a broader sense, meaning the date when such a passage happens. The name "equinox" is derived from the Latin aequus (equal) and nox (night), because around the equinox, night and day are about equal length.
Solstices
Solstices are the times when the inclination angle is at its maximum (i.e 23.4 deg). These also occur twice a year on 21 June, called the summer solstice and 21 December called the winter solstice.
Apogee
Apogee is a point on the satellite orbit that is at the farthest distance from the center of the Earth. The apogee distance A can be computed from the known values of orbit eccentricity e and the semi-major axis a as A=a(1+e)
Perigee
Perigee is the point on the orbit that is nearest to the centre of the earth . The perigee distance P can be computed by P=a(1-e)
Eccentricity The orbit eccentricity e is ratio of the distance between the center of the ellipse and the center of the Earth to semi-major axis of the ellipse. It can be computed by
e= +
e= 2
2 2
e=
Inclination
A satellite orbit's Inclination (i) indicates the angle of the satellite orbit plane measured from the Earth's equatorial plane. Inclination can range anywhere from 0 to 180 degrees. An orbit inclination of 0 to 90 degrees is called a prograde orbit. An orbit inclination of 90 to 180 degrees is called a retrograde orbit.