UNIT 3 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

TEMPERATURE
The temperature of a substance is a measure of the hotness, or coldness, of that substance. It is the thermal state of a body or a substance which determines whether it will give heat to, or receive heat from, other bodies. if two bodies are placed in contact then heat tends to flow from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower temperature.

THERMOCOUPLE
It is a widely used temperature sensor. It will convert thermal potential difference into electric potential difference. They are cheap and interchangeable, have standard connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures.

PRINCIPLE
The working principle of a thermocouple depends on the thermo-electric effect. if two dissimilar metals are joined together so as to form a closed circuit, there will be two junctions where they meet each other .if one of these junctions is heated,then,a current flows in the circuit which can be detected by a galvanometer. The amount of the current produced depends on the difference in temperature between the two junctions and on the characteristics of the two metals. It is known as seebeck effect.

THERMOCOUPLE
Thermocouple made from two different kinds of metals. The wires are joined at the ends which form two junctions, a measuring junction and a reference junction. Heating the measuring junction produces a voltage greater than the voltage across the reference junction. The difference between two voltages is measured and voltmeter reading is converted to its corresponding temperatures.

 The various types of thermocouples are:

J TYPE
K TYPE T TYPE

J TYPE (IRON CONSTANTAN)

The wire which is highly attracted towards the magnet is identified as iron. The wire which is non magnetic is identified as constantan. Iron is positive terminal. Constantan is negative terminal.

J TYPE THERMOCOUPLE Iron (+ve) terminal Constantan (-ve) terminal

K TYPE (CHROMEL ALUMEL)

The wire which is slightly attracted towards the magnet is identified as alumel.The wire which is non magnetic is identified as chromel.Chromel is positive terminal.Alumel is negative terminal.

K TYPE THERMOCOUPLE Chromel (+ ve) terminal Alumel (-VE) terminal

T TYPE (COPPER CONSTANTAN)

Constantan is bright silver in color. Copper is identified by its color.

T TYPE THERMOCOUPLE Copper (+ve) terminal Constantan (-ve) terminal.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMOCOUPLE

TEMPERATURE (0 C)

ADVANTAGES
They have rugged construction. They are inexpensive. They are simpler to use than resistance thermometer. There is no need of a bridge circuit. They possess good accuracy. They have good reproducibility. They have extremely wide temperature ranges from -270c to2800c.

DISADVANTAGES

They have limited use in temperature spans of less than about 33c because of the relatively small change in junction voltages with temperature.

RTD
An RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is a temperature sensitive resistor. Its having positive temperature coefficient of resistance. The resistance of the metal increases with temperature. The temperature coefficient () is the slope of the Platinum RTD between 0C to 100C.

RTD
The temperature coefficient () is the slope of the Platinum RTD between 0C to 100C.

RTD
= ( R100 - R0)/100 X R0 = Temperature Coefficient R100 = RTD resistance at 100C R0 = RTD resistance at 0C

RTD
With the increase of temperature, the electrical resistance of metal increases in direct proportion to the rise of temperature.

RTD

RTD
The resistance element is surrounded by a porcelain insulator which prevents short circuit between wire and metal sheath. Two leads are attached to each side of the platinum wire. When this instrument is placed in a liquid or gas medium whose temperature is to be measured, the sheath quickly reaches the temperature of the medium.

RTD
This change in temperature causes the platinum wire inside the sheath to heat or cool, resulting in a proportional change in the wires resistance. This change in resistance can be directly calibrated to indicate the temperature.

RTD

The conductors used for resistance thermometer are platinum, nickel of various purities.

RTD BRIDGE CIRCUIT

RTD BRIDGE CIRCUIT

The bridge circuit consist of sensing element Resistance X and resistance A,B,C. LR1 and LR2 are the lead wire resistances of the sensing element .At balance condition, the ratio of resistance is A (X+LR1+LR2) _____ = ----------------------------- B C

RTD BRIDGE CIRCUIT

When resistance X changes, the wheat stone bridge becomes unbalanced and thus galvanometer will give deflection which can be calibrated to give suitable temperature scale.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RTD

ADVANTAGES
High accuracy They have a wide temperature range from -200 to 650c They are small in size. They have good reproducibility. They are fast in response.

LIMITATIONS
RTDs in industrial applications are rarely used above 660 C. At temperatures above 660 C it becomes increasingly difficult to prevent the platinum from becoming contaminated by impurities from the metal sheath of the thermometer. Compared to thermistors, platinum RTDs are less sensitive to small temperature changes and have a slower response time.

BI-METALLIC STRIP
A bi-metallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement.

BI-METALLIC STRIP
The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated, usually steel and copper. Each strip made from a metal having a different coefficient of thermal expansion. The strips are joined together throughout their length either riveting, brazing or welding.

BI-METALLIC STRIP

Thermometer with Spiral Bimetallic Element

BI-METALLIC STRIP

Whenever the welded strip is heated, the two metals change length in accordance with their individual rates of thermal expansion. The two metals expand to different lengths as the temperature rises.

 This forces the bimetallic strip to bend towards the side with low coefficient of thermal expansion .if one end of the bimetallic strip is fixed so that it cannot move, the distance the other end bends is directly proportional to the square of the length of the metal strip, as well as to the total change in temperature, and is inversely proportional to the thickness of the metal.

BI-METALLIC STRIP
The movement of bimetallic strip is utilized to deflect a pointer over a calibrated scale. The deflection of the tip is small if the strip is short, and is large if the strip is long, since deflection increases with the square of the strip length.

ADVANTAGES
Low cost. They are tough, and cannot easily be broken. They are easily installed and maintained. They have good accuracy relative to cost. They have fairly wide temperature range.

DISADVANTAGE
Their accuracy is not as high as glass stem thermometers. Only indicating type is available. There is always a possibility of calibration change due to rough handling.

MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE USING DIODES.

Diode is a semiconductor device which is used for rectification .This diode can also be used for sensing temperature. The junction between differently doped regions of a semiconductor has a voltage-current curve that depends strongly on temperature.

 Reverse saturation current I0 increases 7 present per C for both silicon and germanium. The reverse saturation current approximately doubles for every 10 C rise in temperature. Germanium is more temperature dependent than silicon because its reverse saturation current is approximately 1,000 times larger.

 In the circuit given, as there is no heat in the diode, diode is in the open condition. So the base current in the transistor is zero and no collector current in collector terminal of the transistor.

 When the soldering iron is kept over the diode the base current increases and it switches on the collector current, and the led glows. This will justify that diode can sense the temperature.

IC TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER USING LM35 AND AD590.

The LM35 series are precision integratedcircuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin.

 It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 mA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1 C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over -55 C to a150 C temperature range,

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Application

FEATURES
Operates from 4 to 30 volts. Less than 60 mA current drain Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade). Linear a 10.0 mV/ C scale factor. 0.5 C accuracy guarantee able (at a25 C). Rated for full -55 C to +150 C range. Suitable for remote applications.

AD590
The AD590 AD590 is a 2-terminal integrated circuit temperature transducer that produces an output current proportional to absolute temperature. For supply voltages between 4 V and 30 V the device acts as a high-impedance, constant current regulator passing 1 A/K.

 Laser trimming of the chips thin-film resistors is used to calibrate the device to 298.2 A output at 298.2 K (25C). The AD590 should be used in any temperature-sensing application below 150C

 The AD590 is particularly useful in remote sensing applications.

FEATURES
Linear current output: 1 A/K . Wide temperature range: 55C to +150C. Probe compatible ceramic sensor package. 2-terminal device: voltage in/current out. Laser trimmed to 0.5C calibration accuracy (AD590M). Excellent linearity: 0.3C over full range (AD590M). Wide power supply range: 4 V to 30 V.

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS