Introduction Molecules of Life Cells Energy and Metabolism Photosynthesis

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
Scie 102(1-1)

SCIENCE
An organized body of knowledge gathered over a long period of time to explain the world we live in. Knowledge which has been classified and made available in word, life and our search for truth.

SCIENCE
It offers a way of investigating and building up a body of knowledge. It is a way of solving problem, thus it is a way of thinking.

SCIENCE
It comes from the Latin word SCIRE, which means to know. SCIENTIA means knowledge.

Levels of organization
2 3 1 7 8

6 4 5

Fig. 1-2, p. 5

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Subatomic particle Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

 The upper tier is a global perspective of life

Biosphereall the environments on Earth that support life Ecosystemall the organisms living in a particular area Communitythe array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem Populationall the individuals of a species within a specific area

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

 The middle tier is characterized by the organism, an individual living thing

Organ systemshave specific functions; composed of organs Organsprovide specific functions for the organism Tissuesmade of groups of similar cells

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower tier,

Moleculesclusters of atoms Organellesmembrane-bound structures with specific functions Cellsliving entities distinguished from their environment by a membrane

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

S A MO C T O O O O A O T O MO C S
A B C
D

OVERVIEW OF LIFES UNITY

Life requires interactions between living and nonliving components
Producers -photosynthetic organisms provide food Consumers- eat plants (or animals that profit from plants) The nonliving components are chemical nutrients required for life

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Overview of Lifes Unity

Fig. 1-3a, p. 6

All living things require energy and the raw materials required to maintain energy supplies.

Autotrophs can produce their own food

Ex. Plants make their food through photosynthesis using sunlight and water

Animals cannot make their own food. Instead, they eat

available foods provided by the producers or primary consumers to stay alive.

living things have the ability to sense and respond to changes in the environment.
Fig. 1-4, p. 7

All living things have the ability to grow and reproduce.

 All living things share common properties

1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Growth and development 4. Energy processing 5. Response to the environment 6. Reproduction 7. Evolutionary adaptation

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

(1) Order

(2) Regulation

(3) Growth and development

(4) Energy processing

(5) Response to the environment

(6) Reproduction

(7) Evolutionary adaptation

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life

Two distinct groups of cells exist

Prokaryotic cells
Simple and small Ex. Bacteria

Eukaryotic cells
Possess organelles separated by membranes Ex. Plants, animals, and fungi

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prokaryotic cell
DNA (no nucleus)

Eukaryotic cell

Membrane

Nucleus (contains DNA)

Organelles

THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY

Observation Problem Hypothesis Experimentation Data gathering Analysis conclusion

1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature

There is a difference between a theory and a hypothesis

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations A theory is supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence What about the law?

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Arranging the diversity of life into kingdoms is a work in progress.

 KINGDOM the most inclusive taxonomic category PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

 The five kingdom scheme recognizes the two fundamentally different types of cell.

 Five Kingdoms
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

MONERA
Prokaryotes Diverse adaptations of form and function THEY ARE ALMOST EVERYWHERE

PROTISTA
Prokaryotic symbiosis Examples: amoeba and plasmodium

FUNGI
Absorptive mode of nutrition Three major divisions
Zygomycota lives in soil and decaying matter Ascomycota plant parasites Basidiomycota spore-forming reproduction

PLANTAE
Photosynthetic multicellular eukaryotes Probably evolved from charophytes Vascular/Nonvascular Gymnosperm/ Angiosperm

ANIMALIA
Multicellular heterotrophs Sexual reproduction (majority) Muscles and nerves Invertebrates/vertebrates

The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains

The three domains (groups) of life

1. Bacteriaprokaryotic, and most are unicellular and microscopic 2. Archaealike bacteria, are prokaryotic, and most are unicellular and microscopic 3. Eukaryaare eukaryotic and contain a nucleus and organelles

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction to Lifes Diversity

Three domains
Bacteria Archaea

Eukarya

Fig. 1-5, p. 8

Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria

Bacteria (multiple kingdoms) Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae

Domain Archaea

Archaea (multiple kingdoms)

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Animalia

Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
The book accomplished two things
Presented evidence to support the idea of evolution Proposed a mechanism for evolution called natural selection

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1 Population with varied inherited traits

2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits

3 Reproduction of survivors