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Nutrient Transport across Membranes

Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Membranes as barriers
Except for H2O, most polar molecules do NOT move across the lipid bilayers

Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Relative speed of nutrient movement across bacterial membranes

substance

permeability
100 0.1 0.001 0.001 10-6 10-7 10-8

water glycerol Tryptophan () glucose ClK+ Na+

Note that many nutrients are polar


Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Membrane transport systems


are the systems to move nutrients and waste products across membranes Passive Passive diffusion
Channel proteins Facilitated diffusion Uniporter transport

Active

Antiport Symport ABC system group translocation


Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

What is diffusion?
1. Molecules move along a concentration gradient (from region of higher concentration to lower concentration) 2. Movement is driven by random thermal action - no energy output by organism
3. Concentration reaches equilibrium 4. Water, gasses, lipids, small uncharged polar molecules 5. Not primary mode forShixue hydrophilic ions Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Passive 1 Passive diffusion


Examples of gases that cross membranes by passive diffusion include N2, O2, and CO2; examples of small polar molecules include ethanol, H2O, and urea.

Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Passive 2. Channel proteins


Channel proteins transport water or certain ions down either a concentration gradient, in the case of water, or an electric potential gradient, in the case of certain ions from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. While water molecules can directly cross the membrane by simple diffusion, as mentioned above, their transport can be enhanced by channel proteins called aquaporins().
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Passive 3. facilitated diffusion


What is facilitated diffusion?
1. Diffusion aided by a carrier protein permease - in cell membrane
2. Carrier provides specificity and increases rate to equilibrium 3. is powered by the potential energy of a concentration gradient and does not require the expenditure of metabolic energy. 4. Not highly important in prokaryotes
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Passive 3 Facilitated diffusion


Diffusion facilitator protein Nutrient molec in high conc Specific binding of nutrient to facilitator protein Protein conformation (change shape) Release of nutrients into the cytoplasm of the cell
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Important points about facilitated diffusion


1. Most transport proteins are specific for a single nutrient. 2. Over time facilitated diffusion results in an equal concentration of nutrient inside and outside the cell
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Passive 4 Uniport
Transport protein

Nutrient in high conc

outside

inside
e.g. potassium uniporter K+
Nutrient in low conc
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Active transport
What is active transport?
1. Movement against a concentration gradient. It can produce and intracellular nutrient concentration 1000x greater than that of the same nutrient outside the cell
2. Aided by a carrier protein 3. Requires energy from cell (ATP primary or PMF-secondary/simple) 4. Many amino acids and sugars accumulated by this method
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Transporters on membrane

Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Transport proteins include:


1). uniport 2). Symport 3). Antiport

In prokaryotic environments, nutrients are often scarce.


Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Active 1 Antiport
Antiporters are transport proteins that transport one substance across the membrane in one direction while simultaneously transporting a second substance across the membrane in the opposite direction.

Antiporters in bacteria generally use the potential energy of electrochemical gradients from protons (H+), that is, proton motive force to co-transport ions, glucose, and amino acids against their concentration gradient. Sodium ions (Na+) and protons (H+), for example, are co-transported across bacterial membranes by antiporters.

Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Antiport
compound 1 (nutrient) transport protein

H+ in low conc; + + H H glucose, and amino + H + + H H acids H+


compound 2
Na+, H+ as anti-anion

outside

inside
H+
Nutrient in high conc

H+

Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Alternative way to look at Antiport

Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

Symport

Symporters are transport proteins that simultaneously transport two substances across the membrane in the same direction.

Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

4. Symport
compound 1 (nutrient) transport protein

compound 2

outside

lac permease

inside
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

e.g. lactose

H+

Passive 4 Uniport
Uniporters are transport proteins that transport a substance across a membrane down a concentration gradient from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentration.

Uniporter transport is powered by the potential energy of a concentration gradient and does not require metabolic energy.
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University

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