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Membranes as barriers
Except for H2O, most polar molecules do NOT move across the lipid bilayers
substance
permeability
100 0.1 0.001 0.001 10-6 10-7 10-8
Active
What is diffusion?
1. Molecules move along a concentration gradient (from region of higher concentration to lower concentration) 2. Movement is driven by random thermal action - no energy output by organism
3. Concentration reaches equilibrium 4. Water, gasses, lipids, small uncharged polar molecules 5. Not primary mode forShixue hydrophilic ions Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University
Passive 4 Uniport
Transport protein
outside
inside
e.g. potassium uniporter K+
Nutrient in low conc
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University
Active transport
What is active transport?
1. Movement against a concentration gradient. It can produce and intracellular nutrient concentration 1000x greater than that of the same nutrient outside the cell
2. Aided by a carrier protein 3. Requires energy from cell (ATP primary or PMF-secondary/simple) 4. Many amino acids and sugars accumulated by this method
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University
Transporters on membrane
Active 1 Antiport
Antiporters are transport proteins that transport one substance across the membrane in one direction while simultaneously transporting a second substance across the membrane in the opposite direction.
Antiporters in bacteria generally use the potential energy of electrochemical gradients from protons (H+), that is, proton motive force to co-transport ions, glucose, and amino acids against their concentration gradient. Sodium ions (Na+) and protons (H+), for example, are co-transported across bacterial membranes by antiporters.
Antiport
compound 1 (nutrient) transport protein
outside
inside
H+
Nutrient in high conc
H+
Symport
Symporters are transport proteins that simultaneously transport two substances across the membrane in the same direction.
4. Symport
compound 1 (nutrient) transport protein
compound 2
outside
lac permease
inside
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University
e.g. lactose
H+
Passive 4 Uniport
Uniporters are transport proteins that transport a substance across a membrane down a concentration gradient from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentration.
Uniporter transport is powered by the potential energy of a concentration gradient and does not require metabolic energy.
Shixue Yin (Prof Dr) Yangzhou University