Wireless Sensor Network

Vibhor Saraswat Final Yr ECE Guide- Miss Rashmi Sharma

Poornima College of Engineering www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.c

CONTENTS
INTODUCTION OF WIRELESS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK SENSOR NODE NETWORK TOPOLOGIES NETWORK APPLICATION CONCLUSION

Why Talk About Wireless?

Wireless communication is not a new technology but
cell phones have brought revolution in wireless communication Wireless Technology has changed the way o Organizations & individuals work & live today In less than 10 years o World has moved from fixed to wireless networks o Allowing people, mobile devices & computers talk to each other, connect without a cable o Only available option for field data acquisition Interconnectivity with multiple devices o Using radio-waves, sometimes light

Ubiquitous Computing
Future State of Computing Technology?
o Mobile, many computers o Small Processors o Low Power Consumption o Relatively Low Cost

Growth in Wireless Systems

Rapid growth in cellular voice services Several wireless technology options have
been available for the last ~10-20 yrs

oCell phones everywhere!

oMini cell stations using existing standards like CDMA or GSM

oWireless PABX using PCS standards such as DECT.

oSatellite and microwave backhaul

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

Sensor s

Deplo y

What is a WSN?
Sensor: The device

Observer: The end

user/computer

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of base It simple, tiny, inexpensive, and battery-powered
stations and a number of wireless sensors.

Phenomenon: The entity of interest to the observer A network that is formed when a set of small sensor devices that are deployed in an ad hoc fashion no predefined routes, cooperate for sensing a physical phenomenon.

Why Wireless Sensors Now?

Moores Law is making sufficient CPU performance
available with low power requirements in a small size.

Research in Materials Science has resulted in novel

sensing materials for many Chemical, Biological, and

Physical sensing tasks.

Transceivers for wireless devices are becoming

smaller, less expensive, and less power hungry (low power tiny Radio Chips).

Power source improvements in batteries, as well as

passive power sources such as solar or vibration

Typical Sensor Node Features

A sensor node has:

oSensing Material
Physical Magnetic, Light, Sound

Chemical CO, Chemical Weapons

Biological Bacteria, Viruses, Proteins

oIntegrated Circuitry (VLSI) A-to-D converter from sensor to circuitry oPackaging for environmental safety oPower Supply
Passive Solar, Vibration

Sensor Network
Server

Sensor field Communications barrier

Gateway

Internet

Sensor Network
Server

Watershed Sensor field

Gateway

Internet

Sensor Node Hardware

Sensor + Actuator + ADC + Microprocessor + Powering Unit + Communication Unit (RF Transceiver) + GPS

Portable and self-sustained (power, communication,

Capable of embedded complex data processing.

intelligence).

Sensors and Wireless Radio

Types of sensors:
-Pressure, -Temperature -Light -Biological -Chemical -Strain, fatigue

Capable to survive harsh

environments (heat, humidity, corrosion, pollution etc).

No source of interference to
systems being monitored and/or surrounding systems.

Advances in Wireless Sensor Nodes

Consider Multiple Generations of Berkeley Motes

Model
CPU Flash Memory SRAM Radio

Rene 2 Rene 2
4 MHz 8 KB 32 KB 8 MHz 16 KB 32 KB

Mica

Mica 2

4 MHz 4 MHz 128 KB 128 KB 512 KB 512 KB

10 Kbps 10 Kbps 40 Kbps 40 Kbps

Network characteristics of WSN

Generally, the network:

oConsists of a large number of sensors (103 to 106 Hz) oSpread over large geographical region (radius = 1 to 103 km)

oSpaced out in 1, 2, or 3 dimensions

oIs self-organizing oUses wireless media

Sensor Network Topology

Hundreds of nodes require careful handling of topology
Predeployment and deployment phase Postdeployment phase
o Numerous ways to deploy the sensors (mass, individual placement, dropping from plane..) o Factors are sensor nodes position change, reachability due to jamming, noise, obstacles etc, available energy, malfunctioning, theft, sabotage o Redeployment because of malfunctioning of units

maintenance.

Redeployment of additional nodes phase

Network Topologies
Star
o Single Hop Network o All nodes communicate directly with Gateway

o No router nodes
o Cannot self-heal o Range 30-100m o Consumes lowest

Network Topologies
Mesh
o Multi-hopping network o All nodes are routers o Self-configuring network o Node fails, network self-heals o Re-routes data through shortest path o Highly fault tolerant network o Multi-hopping provides much longer range o Higher power consumptionnodes must always listen!

Network Topologies
Star-Mesh Hybrid
o Combines of stars low power and o meshs self-healing and longer range o All endpoint sensor nodes can communicate with multiple routers o Improves fault tolerance o Increases network communication range o High degree of flexibility and mobility

WSN APPLICATIONS
Potential for new intelligent applications:
o Smart Homes o Process monitoring and control o Security/Surveillance o Environmental Monitoring o Construction o Medical/Healthcare

Implemented with Wireless Sensor Networks!

Medical and Healthcare Appln

Remote Databases
Net Switch

Backbone Network

In Hospital Physician

Net Switch

Wireless Remote consultation Possibility for Remote consulting (including Audio Visual communication)

Application in Environment Monitoring

Measuring pollutant
concentration
Pollutants monitored by sensors in the river

Pass on information
to monitoring station

Predict current
location of pollutant
volume based on various parameters

ST

Sensors report to the base monitoring station

Take corrective

Putting Sensor in vehicle Vehicle equipped with sensor and sort range
wireless communication capability can form ad-hoc vehicular wireless mesh network (V MESH)

Two application scenarios:

Vehicular traffic monitoring and control. Inter connecting Patches of sensor network.

Power Consumption

Limited Power Source Battery Lifetime is limited Each sensor node plays a dual role of data
originator and data router (data processor)

The malfunctioning of a few nodes

consumes lot of energy (rerouting of

Environmental Factors

Wireless sensors need to operate in

conditions that are not encountered by typical computing devices:
oRain, sleet, snow, hail, etc.

oWide temperature variations

May require separating sensor from electronics

oHigh humidity
oSaline or other corrosive substances

CONCLUSION

Security in WSN is quite different from

traditional (Wired) network security.

We have proposed three network

topologies for WSN.

Our schemes substantially improves

References
Wireless & Mobile Systems Prof Dharma Prakash
Agrawal and H. Deng

Integrating Wireless Technology in the Enterprise by

Williams Wheeler, Elsevier Digital Press

www.google.com www.wikkipedia.com

Any Questions?