Product Training

Filter Performance, Efficiency, Penetration, Differential Pressure

Product Line Industrial Filtration Technology

Status: March 2012

Agenda
Efficiency + Penetration
Definition of Efficiency + Penetration Particle Filtration Mechanisms + MPPS

Differential Pressure
Influencing Values of Differential Pressure

Filter Performance

Agenda
Efficiency + Penetration
Definition of Efficiency + Penetration Particle Filtration Mechanisms + MPPS

Differential Pressure
Influencing Values of Differential Pressure

Filter Performance

Efficiency and Penetration

Concentration or Quantity (of particles) at filter inlet Ci

Filter

Concentration or Quantity (of particles) at filter outlet Co

Quantity of particles upstream and downstream a (depth) filter can be measured e.g. by particle counter
Quantity of particles on a depth filter are difficult to measure!
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Efficiency and Penetration

Concentration or Quantity (of particles) at filter inlet Ci

Filter

Ci = 100 Particles

Efficiency and Penetration

Concentration or Quantity (of particles) at filter inlet Ci

Filter

Concentration or Quantity (of particles) at filter outlet Co

90 Particles retained by filter Co = 10 Particles passed the filter

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Efficiency and Penetration

Quantity of particles retained by filter E Efficiency 100% Quantity of particles upstream filter

Ci C o E 100% Ci

or Example:

Co E (1 ) 100% Ci

Ci = 100 particles; Co = 10 particles

10 E (1 ) 100% 90% 100

Efficiency = 90%
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Efficiency and Penetration

Quantity of particles passed the filter P Penetratio n 100% Quantity of particles upstream filter

Co P 100% Ci
Example:

Ci = 100 particles; Co = 10 particles

10 P 100% 10% 100

Penetration = 10%
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Efficiency and Penetration

Conclusion:

E 100% P

E = 100% - 10% = 90%

Efficiency and Penetration

Filter Efficiency and Penetration can be related to different definitions of concentrations. Some examples
Number of particles/m downstream filter E (1 ) 100% Number of particles/m upstream filter

E (1

mgoil /m downstream filter ) 100% mgoil /m upstream filter

E (1

ppmoil downstream filter ) 100% ppmoil upstream filter

ppmwt= mg/kg ppmVol= ml/m

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Efficiency and Penetration

Calculation Example:
Oil aerosol concentration at filter inlet Ci = 15 mg/m

Oil aerosol concentration at filter outlet Co = 0,1 mg/m

???
Which filter efficiency is needed to achieve the required outlet concentration?

E (1

Co 0,1mg/m ) 100% (1 ) 100% 99,3% Ci 15mg/m

99,7%
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Filter element grade M (micro filter) achieves an oil aerosol efficiency of

Efficiency and Penetration

10.000 Particles
90%
Efficiency

99%
Efficiency

99,9%
Efficiency

99,99%
Efficiency

10% Penetration = 1.000 particles

1% Penetration = 100 particles

0,1% Penetration = 10 particles

0,01% Penetration = 1 particle

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Agenda
Efficiency + Penetration
Definition of Efficiency + Penetration Particle Filtration Mechanisms + MPPS

Differential Pressure
Influencing Values of Differential Pressure

Filter Performance

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Particle Filtration Spectrum

Aerosols and Solid Particles
Submicroscopic Perceptible Vapour, fumes, smoke Oil Vapor Tobacco Smoke Soot Pigments Perceptible under microscope Dust Mist Visually Perceptible Spray Droplets, Grains

Water Clouds Coal Dust Cement Dust Human Hair

Dried Milk
Grains of Salt
Gas Molecules

Spores
Pollen Flour

Viruses

Bacteria 0,1 1

Drifting Sand

0,001

0,01

10

100

1000

10000 14

Particle Size [ m ]

Primary Particle Filtration Mechanisms

(Fibrous Media)
Retention Mechanism
Retention of smaller contaminations (< 0,1m)
Diffusive Interception
Fiber

Diffusive Interception

Parameter Particle Diameter Fiber / Pore diameter Air Velocity Temperature Air Viscosity

Change

Efficiency

D = (1/vdf * CKT) / (3Nydp)

D = Diffusion Coefficient V = Velocity of air C = Cunningham correction factor K = Boltzmann constant T = Kelvin temperature df = Fiber Diameter Ny = Air viscosity dp = Particle diameter

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Primary Particle Filtration Mechanisms

(Fibrous Media)
Retention Mechanism
Retention of larger contaminations (> 0,5m) Interception

Interception
Fiber

Parameter Particle Diameter Fiber Diameter

Change

Efficiency

R = dp / df

dp = Particle diameter df = Fiber diameter

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Primary Particle Filtration Mechanisms

(Fibrous Media)
Retention Mechanism
Retention of larger contaminations (> 0,5m) Inertial Impaction

Inertial Impaction
Fiber

Parameter
Particle Diameter Air Velocity Fiber / Pore diameter Air Viscosity Particle density

Change

Efficiency

M = (Cpvdp2) / (18Nydf)
M = Inertia parameter v = Velocity of air C = Cunningham correction factor p = Particle density df = Fiber Diameter Ny = Air viscosity dp = Particle diameter

Temperature

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Primary Particle Filtration Mechanisms

(Fibrous Media)
Retention Mechanism
Retention of larger contaminations (> 1m) Gravitational Settling
Fiber

Gravity

Fiber

Parameter Particle Diameter Air Velocity Air Viscosity Particle density

Change

Efficiency

Fiber

G = (Cpgdp2) / (18NyV)
G = Settling parameter g = Gravitational constant C = Cunningham correction factor p = Particle density Ny = Air viscosity V = Air Velocity dp = Particle diameter

Temperature

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Primary Particle Filtration Mechanisms

(Fibrous Media)
Retention Mechanism
Retention of larger contaminations (> 1 m) Sieving
Fiber

Sieving
Fiber

Fiber

Parameter Particle Diameter Fiber Diameter

Change

Efficiency

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Primary Particle Filtration Mechanisms

(Fibrous Media)
Retention Mechanism
Retention of contaminations with different electric charge than fiber

Electrostatics
Fiber

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Primary Particle Filtration Mechanisms

(Fibrous Media)

100% 80%

Efficiency

60% 40% 20% 0% 0,01 0,10 1,00 10,00 Particle Diameter (m)
Diffusion Regime Diffusion and Interception Regime Inertial Impaction and Interception Regime

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Primary Particle Filtration Mechanisms

(Fibrous Media)
100 90 80

Efficiency (%)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Total

Diffusion
Inertial Interception Sieving

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Particle Size (microns)

MPPS = Most Penetrating Particle Size [m]

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Fractional Efficiency
Filter medium for retention of particles approx. > 3 m
100 90 80

Fractional efficiency [%]

70 60 50

6,7% at MPPS = 0,29 m

40 30 20 10 0
0,01 0,02 0,03 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 50 100

Mobility Diameter[m]

Aerodynamic Diameter [m]

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Fractional Efficiency
Filter medium for retention of particles approx. > 1 m
100 90 80

Fraktionsabscheidegrad [%]

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0,01 0,02 0,03 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 50 100

72,2% at MPPS = 0,14 m

Mobility Diameter [m]

Aerodynamic Diameter [m]

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Agenda
Efficiency + Penetration
Definition of Efficiency + Penetration Particle Filtration Mechanisms + MPPS

Differential Pressure
Influencing Values of Differential Pressure

Filter Performance

25

Cost of Differential Pressure

Compressor
7 bar

Differential Pressure p = 1 bar

Application

After-cooler, Separators+Filters, Dryers, Pressure Vessels, Valves, Pipelines, Fittings,

6 bar

7 bar = 6 bar + 1 bar

+ 1 bar + 10% energy cost

Reduced flow Extended running time

+ 8K additional compression temperature Additional cooling energy needed

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Differential Pressure of Filters

Flow through a filter always creates differential pressure!

p1

p1 > p2

p2

p = p1 p2

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Differential Pressure of Filters

p Filter Housing p Filter Element

Total p =

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Agenda
Efficiency + Penetration
Definition of Efficiency + Penetration Particle Filtration Mechanisms + MPPS

Differential Pressure
Influencing Values of Differential Pressure

Filter Performance

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Influencing Values of Differential Pressure

Volume Flow + Flow Velocity
180 160 140 120
p Filter Medium p Filter Housing p Entire System

D p [mbar]

100 80 60 40 20 0 0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

Flow Velocity Filter Element [m/s]

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Influencing Values of Differential Pressure

Operating Pressure
1bar a 2bar a 3bar a 4bar a 5bar a 6bar a 20% 40% 60% Nominal Flow 80% 100% 7bar a 8bar a

140 120

delta p [mbar]

100 80 60 40 20 0

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Influencing Values of Differential Pressure

Binder containing glass fibres

Filter Media
Binder-free glass fibres

Synteq XP

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Influencing Values of Differential Pressure Filter Manufacturing Technology

Binder containing glass fibres

Wrapped Filter Media

Pleated Filter Media

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Influencing Values of Differential Pressure

Wetting of Filter Media
200 180

Differential Pressure [mbar]

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20%

p at wet condition (at certain oil viscosity)

p at dry condition

100% Nominal Flow

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Influencing Values of Differential Pressure

Particle Contamination of Filter Media

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Influencing Values of Differential Pressure Summary Volume Flow + Flow Velocity Operating Pressure Filter Media Filter Manufacturing Technology Wetting of Filter Media Particle Contamination

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Agenda
Efficiency + Penetration
Definition of Efficiency + Penetration Particle Filtration Mechanisms + MPPS

Differential Pressure
Influencing Values of Differential Pressure

Filter Performance

37

Filter Performance
Filter Performance is defined by

Efficiency and Differential Pressure

Differential Pressure [mbar]
Differential Pressure

Efficiency

Efficency [%]
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Filter Performance
Best efficiency High p High efficiency Lowest p Good efficiency Highest p

Differential Pressure [mbar]

Efficiency too low!

Efficency [%]
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Required Efficiency level

Filter Performance
500 475 450 425 400 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0

Required Efficiency Level Grade S (Submicrofilter)

Donaldson

100 99,9 99,8 99,7 99,6 99,5 99,4 99,3 99,2 99,1 99 98,9 98,8 98,7 98,6 98,5 98,4 98,3 98,2 98,1 98

Competitor A (pleated)

Competitor B (pleated)

Competitor C

Differential pressure (p) and retention rate (efficiency) according ISO 12500-1. Comparable coalescence filter oil wetted steady state at 8 bar.
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Efficiency [%]

p [mbar]

Questions ?

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