Sandeep Suman

Introduction Occurrence of Copper Distribution of Copper around world

Distribution of Copper in India

Indian Copper mines Conclusion

What is Copper???

Copper is an element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.

Its one of the earliest metal known to human civilization. Some of its first ores dates back to 5th century BC. From the dawn of civilization until today, copper has made, and continues to make, a vital contribution to sustaining and improving society.

Uses of Copper
Coppers chemical, physical and aesthetic properties make it a material of choice in a wide range of domestic, industrial and high technology applications. It is used for conducting electricity and heat; communications; transporting water and gas; roofing, gutters and downspouts; protecting plants and crops, and as a feed supplement; and Making statues and other forms of art.

Copper is widely used in the electrical industry. In addition to many other uses, copper is used in plumbing and for cookware. Brass and bronze are two important copper alloys. Copper compounds are toxic to invertebrates and are used as algaecides and pesticides. Copper compounds are used in analytical chemistry.

Copper occurs naturally in the Earths crust in a variety of forms. More than 160 copper minerals have been identified, but only about a dozen are commercially important. Copper minerals have been subdivided into three groups: Hypogene : Located at considerable depths related to igneous activities. E.g.: bornite (Cu5FeS4), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), enargite (Cu3As5S4) Oxidized Copper minerals : Formed by weathering of copper sulfides exposed to erosion. E.g.: Cuprite (Cu2O), malachite (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), azurite (2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2) and chrysocolla (CuSiO3.2H2O)

Secondary sulfide ores : Formed by copper leached from sulfides near earths surface. E.g. : . Chalcocite (Cu2S) and covellite (CuS)

Cuprite bornite

Chalcocite

Chalcopyrite Malachite

Map showing the distribution of Copper in the world

Following countries are the major producers of copper in the world: United states of America Australia Canada China Indonesia Mexico Poland Russia We will see the production by these countries and their reserves in the following slides.

Mine production 2010 2011 United States 1,110 1,120 Australia 870 940 Canada 525 550 Chile 5,420 5,420 China 1,190 1,190 Congo (Kinshasa) 343 440 Indonesia 872 625 Kazakhstan 380 360 Mexico 260 365 Peru 1,250 1,220 Poland 425 425 Russia 703 710 Zambia 690 715 Other countries 1,900 2,000 World total 15,900 16,100 (rounded)

Reserves 35,000 86,000 7,000 190,000 30,000 20,000 28,000 7,000 38,000 90,000 26,000 30,000 20,000 80,000 690,000

Copper mining in India is constrained by the lack of good quality ore and average metal content in Indian ore is 1 per cent against the world average of 1.5 per cent. India has an estimated copper resource of 730 Mt averaging 1.17% copper.
Out of this, only 185 Mt of ore with an average grade of 1.21% copper is under mining lease held by state controlled Hindustan Copper Limited. Until 1998, Hindustan copper limited has been the only producer of copper concentrate in India. Since then, several smaller companies, including Sikkim Mining Corporation at Rangpo and Hutti Gold Mines in Karnataka have been producing concentrates.

The main sectors of copper mining in India are: 1. Malanjkhand Copper project 2. Khetri Copper complex 3. Indian Copper complex

Established in 1982, it was a project set up by Hindustan Copper Ltd to exploit Copper ore through an open pit mine. It was surveyed by Geological survey of India in 1969 and mining lease was granted to HCL during 1973. Malanjkhand copper belt comprises of a large body of copper ore In granitic rock Varying from diorite to granite in composition. The prominent deposits are: Malanjkhand Sitalpani Gidhri Dhorli Garhi Dongri

 Malanjkhand copper deposit is the largest deposit of India. Open pit mines with capacity of 2 million TPA of ore. Ore reserves including resources It contains nearly 70% of countrys reserve. Contributes almost 80% of HCLs total copper production.

Situated in foothills of Aravalli range, gives a 80 km metallogenetic province called as Khetri copper belt. It comprises of tightly folded Proterozoic metasediments that rest over basement gneisses and is a part of the North Delhi fold belt. Prominent deposits are: Khetri Kolihan Banwas Chandmari Dhani Barsi Baniwal ki Dhani

Some other deposits includes: Dholamala Akwali Jhunjhunu Devtalai

This area was mined before 20th centuary but the mining ceased in 1872. Exploration Of this area was undertaken by Geological survey if India with the advent of 20th century. Development of Khetri mines was started by National Mineral Development Corporation In 1967 but was handed over to HCL in 1972. It has mechanized underground mines with a capacity of 1 million tons of ore per annum.

Ore reserves of Khetri copper complex

Khetri mine Kolihan mine Banwas block Chandmari-kolihan Intervening block

26 million tons @ 1.13% Cu 20.64 million tons @ 1.35% Cu 25.02 million tons @ 1.69% Cu 12.10 million tons @ 1.03% Cu

Indian Copper Corporation Ltd was established by a British company in 1930 at Ghatsila consisting of a cluster of underground copper mines, concentrator plants and smelter. On 25.09.72 the Govt. of India nationalized the company under provisions of the Indian Copper Corporation (Acquisition of Undertaking Act) and merged the same with HCL. Today it falls under the sate of Jharkhand, under the jurisdiction of east Singbhum district.

Singhbhum Copper Belt comprises of a Proterozoic volcano-sedimentary rock that creates a shear zone known as Singhbhum shear zone. Copper mineralization in SCB is localized along this shear zone. Prominent deposits are : Chapri Rakha Surda Kendadih Pathargora Dhobani

Some other deposits includes: Turamdih Ramchandrapur Nandup Bayanbil Dhadkidih

Ore reserves of Indian copper complex

Surda Rakha Kendadih Chapri

26 MT @1.20% Cu 47.19 MT @ 0.97% Cu 12.85 MT @ 1.73% Cu 63.50 MT @ 1.14% Cu

Zambia United States Russia Poland Peru Other countries Mexico

Kazakhstan
Indonesia China

Zambia United States

Russia
Poland Peru Other countries Mexico Kazakhstan Indonesia China

2002

2011

Chile
United States China Peru Poland Australia Mexico Indonesia Zambia