Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
15x
Introduction to IEEE 802.15x Technologies
Personal area network Personal operating space Bluetooth standard Bluetooth SIG 802.15 extensions
Basic WPAN characteristics Bluetooth WPAN overview Bluetooth WPAN ad hoc network topologies
Bluetooth SIG
A Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SlG) was formed to develop a short-range wireless technology that could be used to eliminate cables between both stationary and mobile devices
802.15 extensions
A follow-up revision project to IEEE 802.15.1 has been initiated that will incorporate the changes provided by the new Bluetooth specification and add some additional modifications and improvements to both the MAC and PHY layers.
The Bluetooth wireless specification provides for communications over a relatively short-range radio link that optimized for batteryoperated, compact, personal devices. The Bluetooth WPAN provides support for both asynchronous communications channels for data transfer and synchronous communications channels for telephony-grade voice communications. Using Bluetooth wireless technology, a user could simultaneously be provided hands-free cellular telephone operation via a Bluetooth-enabled wireless headset and at the same time be transferring packet data from the cellular mobile phone to a laptop/notebook PC The Bluetooth uses the 2.4-GHz unlicensed ISM band. A fast frequency hopping scheme is employed to prevent interference and signal fading. Using binary frequency shift keying (BFSK), a symbol rate of 1 maps can achieved. A slotted channel format is used with a slot (or hop) duration of 625 s. This allows for full-duplex operation using a fast time division duplex (TDD) scheme.
Scatternet
The scatternet is a collection of functioning piconets overlapping in both time and space Through the scatternet structure, a Bluetooth device may participate in several piconets at the same time. A device in a scatternet may be a stave in several piconets but can only be a master of a single piconet. A device may serve as both a master and a slave within the scatternet. An interesting result of the scatternet structure is that information may flow beyond the coverage area of a single piconet.
2.4465-2.4835
f= 2454 + k MHz. k = 0 22
Power Class 1
Power control P min < +4 dBm to P max Optional: 2 P min to P max Optional: 2 P min to P max
1 mW (0 dBm)
0.25mW(-6dBm)
1 mW (0 dBm)
N/A
N/A
Packet Formats
Access Code Types The Bluetooth specification provides for three different types of access codes. The channel access code (CAC) is used to identify and synchronize the piconet. This code is transmitted with every packet data transfer within a piconet. The device access code (DAC) is used for signaling procedures like paging and response to paging. The inquiry access code (IAC) has two options. The general inquiry access code (GIAC) can be used to discover what other Bluetooth devices are within range of the inquirer. The dedicated inquiry access code (DIAC) can be used to discover Bluetooth devices that share a common characteristic or trait and are also within range of the inquirer.
CAC format consists of a preamble, a sync word used for system timing, and a trailer (72 bits total). For a DAC or IAC signaling message, the trailer bits are not included and the message length is 68 bits.
3-bit active member address 4-bit type code 1-bit flow control 1-bit acknowledgement indication 1-bit sequence number 8-bit header error check
Packet Types
For SCO or ACL, several different packet types have been defined that provide unique operational modes over that particular link. There are also four control packet types and an ID packet that are common to both link types. They are NULL, POLL, FHS, DM1, and ID packets. The ID packet has described as the device access code (DAC) or the inquiry access code (IAC). The NULL packet is used for returning information to the source device about the success or failure of the previous transmission. The NULL packet consists of only the channel access code and the header and does not need to be acknowledged. The POLL packet is similar to the NULL packet but it does need to be acknowledged. The master may use this packet to poll the slaves and they must acknowledge its receipt. The frequency hop synchronization (FHS) packet is used to provide information about the sending device's address, current clock value, scan mode, power class, and the AM_ADDR the recipient should use. The DM1 packet carries data information only. It is used to support control messages for each link type. When used over the SCO link it can interrupt the synchronous information flow, to provide control information.
CRC no no no yes D
IEEE 802.15.1
The IEEE 802.15.1 provides for short-range wireless connectivity for personal devices at moderate data rates and supports high-quality voice connections.
IEEE 802.15.2
IEEE 802.15.2-2003 is a revised project that has the facilitation of the coexistence of IEEE 802.15x devices and other devices that both use the same unlicensed frequency spectrum. Specifically included in these other devices are IEEE 802.11 WLANs. The working group involved with this standard has been looking at two basic types of technologies to achieve the goals of coexistence. They are known as non-collaborative and collaborative mechanisms.
IEEE 802.15.4
The IEEE 802.15.4 standard addresses the low-rate WPAN (LRWPAN) application space. The principal characteristics of LR-WPANs are data transfer rates less than or equal to 250 kbps, ultralow power consumption, a small form factor, and low cost and complexity.
Band (MHz) Frequency Band Bit Rate (kbps) Symbol Rate (kbps) DSSS Spreading Parameters Modulation Technique BPSK BPSK O-QPSK Chip Rate
20 40 250
20 40 62.5