01 Lecture Outline

Chapter 1
Units, Physical Quantities, and Vectors

PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, Thirteenth Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Wayne Anderson
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Goals for Chapter 1
3 fundamental quantities of physics (length, mass, time)

Units (meters, kilograms, seconds) significant figures in calculations vectors & scalars & adding vectors graphically
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Modified 8/11 by Scott Hildreth, Chabot College
Goals for Chapter 1
vector components Ex: v = velocity; vx = v cosq component
is the x
unit vectors (indicating direction only) multiplying vectors
Solving problems in physics

The textbook offers a systematic problem-solving strategy with techniques for setting up and solving problems efficiently and accurately.

Step 1: Identify relevant concepts, variables, what is known, what is needed, what is missing.

Step 2: Set up the Problem MAKE a SKETCH, label it, act it out, model it, decide what equations might apply. What units should the answer have? What value?

Step 3: Execute the Solution, and EVALUATE your answer! Are the units right? Is it the right order of magnitude? Does it make SENSE?
Standards and units

Length, mass, and time = three fundamental quantities (dimensions) of physics. The SI (Systme International) is the most widely used system of units. Meeting ISO standards are mandatory for some industries. Why? In SI units, length is measured in meters, mass in kilograms, and time in seconds.
Unit consistency and conversions

An equation must be dimensionally consistent. Terms to be added or equated must always have the same units. (Be sure youre adding apples to apples.) OK: 5 meters/sec x 10 hours =~ 2 x 102 km
(distance/time) x (time) = distance

An equation must be dimensionally consistent. Terms to be added or equated must always have the same units. (Be sure youre adding apples to apples.) OK: 5 meters/sec x 10 hours =~ 2 x 102 km
5 meters/sec x 10 hour x (3600 sec/hour)

= 180,000 meters = 180 km = ~ 2 x 102 km

An equation must be dimensionally consistent. Terms to be added or equated must always have the same units. (Be sure youre adding apples to apples.)
OK: 5 meters/sec x 10 hours =~ 2 x 102 km NOT: 5 meters/sec x 10 kg = 50 Joules (velocity) x (mass) = (energy)
Unit prefixes Table 1.1 shows some larger and smaller units for the fundamental quantities.
Learn these and prefixes like Mega, Tera, Pico, etc.!

Measurement & Uncertainty

No measurement is exact; there is always some uncertainty due to limited instrument accuracy and difficulty reading results.

The uncertainty of a measured quantity is indicated by its number of significant figures. Ex: 8.7 centimeters
2 sig figs Specific rules for significant figures exist
In online homework, sig figs matter!
Significant Figures
Number of significant figures = number of reliably known digits in a number.
Often possible to tell # of significant figures by the way the number is written:
23.21 cm = four significant figures. 0.062 cm = two significant figures (initial zeroes dont count).
Significant Figures
Numbers ending in zero are ambiguous. Does the last zero mean uncertainty to a factor of 10, or just 1?
Is 20 cm precise to 10 cm, or 1? We need rules!
20 cm = one significant figure (trailing zeroes dont count w/o decimal point)
20. cm = two significant figures (trailing zeroes DO count w/ decimal point) 20.0 cm = three significant figures
Rules for Significant Figures

When multiplying or dividing numbers, or using functions, result has as many sig figs as term with fewest (the least precise). ex: 11.3 cm x 6.8 cm = 77 cm. When adding or subtracting, answer is no more precise than least precise number used. ex: 1.213 + 2 = 3, not 3.213!
Significant Figures
Calculators will not give right # of sig figs; usually give too many but sometimes give too few (especially if there are trailing zeroes after a decimal point). top image: result of 2.0/3.0 bottom image: result of 2.5 x 3.2
1-3 Measurement and Uncertainty

Scientific notation is commonly used in physics; it allows the number of significant figures to be clearly shown. Ex: cannot easily tell how many significant figures in 36,900.
However, if we write 3.69 x 104, we know it has three; if we write 3.690 x 104, it has four.

No measurement is exact; there is always some uncertainty due to limited instrument accuracy and difficulty reading results.
Photo illustrates this it would be difficult to measure the width of this board more accurately than 1 mm.
Uncertainty and significant figures Every measurement has uncertainty
Ex: 8.7 cm (2 sig figs)

8 is (fairly) certain
8.6? 8.8?
8.71? 8.69?
Good practice include uncertainty with every measurement!

8.7 0.1 meters
Uncertainty and significant figures Uncertainty should match measurement in the least precise digit: 8.7 0.1 centimeters 8.70 0.10 centimeters 8.709 0.034 centimeters
8 1 centimeters
Relative Uncertainty
Relative uncertainty: ratio of uncertainty to measured value, multiplied by 100. ex. 8.8 0.1 cm What is the relative uncertainty in this measurement?
Uncertainty and significant figuresFigure 1.7
Physics involves approximations; these can affect the precision of a measurement.
Uncertainty and significant figuresFigure 1.7
As this train mishap illustrates, even a small percent error can have spectacular results!
Conceptual Example: Significant figures

Using a protractor, you measure an angle to be 30.
(a) How many significant figures should you quote in this measurement?

(a) How many significant figures should you quote in this measurement? What uncertainty?
2 sig figs! (30. +/- 1 degrees or 3.0 x 101 +/- 1 degrees)

(b) What result would a calculator give for the cosine of this result? What should you report?

(b) What result would a calculator give for the cosine of this result? What should you report?
0.866025403, but to two sig figs, 0.87!
1-3 Accuracy vs. Precision

Accuracy is how close a measurement comes to the true value.
ex. Acceleration of Earths gravity = 9.81 m/sec2 Your experiment produces 10 1 m/sec2
You were accurate! How accurate? Measured by ERROR.

|Actual Measured|/Actual x 100%
| 9.81 10 | / 9.81 x 100% = 1.9%

Accuracy is how close a measurement comes to the true value. (established by % error) Precision is the repeatability of the measurement using the same instrument.
Precision is reflected by significant figures in your measurements!

ex. Your experiment produces 8.334 m/sec2 for the acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/sec2) Were you accurate? Were you precise?

ex. Your experiment produces 8.334 m/sec2 for the acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/sec2) Accuracy: 15% error (your subjective decision)
Precision: 4 sig figs (implying very precise)
1-6 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating

Quick way to estimate calculated quantity:
round off all numbers in a calculation to one significant figure and then calculate.
result should be right order of magnitude expressed by rounding off to nearest power of 10 104 meters 108 light years
Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating

Example: Volume of a lake
Estimate how much water there is in a particular lake, which is roughly circular, about 1 km across, and you guess it has an average depth of about 10 m.

Volume = p x r2 x depth
= ~ 3 x 500 x 500 x 10
= ~75 x 105 = ~ 100 x 105 = ~ 107 cubic meters

Volume = p x r2 x depth
= 7,853,981.634 cu. m
~ 107 cubic meters
1-6 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating

Example: Thickness of a page.
Estimate the thickness of a page of your textbook. (Hint: you dont need one of these!)
Vectors and scalars
A scalar quantity can be described by a single number.

A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in space. To establish the direction, you MUST first have a coordinate system! The magnitude of A is written as A or |A|.
Drawing vectorsFigure 1.10

Draw a vector as a line with an arrowhead at its tip. The length of the line shows the vectors magnitude. The direction of the line shows the vectors direction. Figure 1.10 shows equal-magnitude vectors having the same direction and opposite directions.
Adding two vectors graphicallyFigures 1.111.12

Two vectors may be added graphically using either the parallelogram method or the head-to-tail method.

Two vectors may be added graphically using either the parallelogram method or the head-to-tail method.
Adding more than two vectors graphicallyFigure 1.13

To add several vectors, use the head-to-tail method.
The vectors can be added in any order.
Adding more than two vectors graphicallyFigure 1.13

To add several vectors, use the head-to-tail method.
The vectors can be added in any order.
Subtracting vectors Figure 1.14 shows how to subtract vectors.
Subtracting vectors Figure 1.14 shows how to subtract vectors.
Multiplying a vector by a scalar
If c is a scalar, the product cA has magnitude |c|A.
Addition of two vectors at right angles

First add the vectors graphically. Then use trigonometry to find the magnitude and direction of the sum.
Follow Example 1.5.
Components of a vectorFigure 1.17

Any vector can be represented by an x-component Ax and a ycomponent Ay. Use trigonometry to find the components of a vector: Ax = Acos and Ay = Asin , where is measured from the +x-axis toward the +y-axis.
Positive and negative componentsFigure 1.18
The components of a vector can be positive or negative numbers, as shown in the figure.
Finding componentsFigure 1.19

We can calculate the components of a vector from its magnitude and direction.
Calculations using components

We can use the components of a vector to find its magnitude Ay 2 2 A Ax Ay and tanq and direction: A
x
We can use the components of a set of vectors to find the components of their sum:
Rx Ax Bx Cx , Ry Ay By Cy
Refer to Problem-Solving Strategy 1.3.
Adding vectors using their componentsFigure 1.22
Unit vectorsFigures 1.231.24

A unit vector has a magnitude of 1 with no units.
The unit vector points in the +x-direction, jj points in the +ydirection, and k k points in the +z-direction. Any vector can be expressed in terms of its components as A =Ax+ Ay jj + Az k . k Follow Example 1.9.
The scalar productFigures 1.251.26

The scalar product (also called the dot product) of two vectors is A B ABcos. Figures 1.25 and 1.26 illustrate the scalar product.
Calculating a scalar product

In terms of components,
A B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz.
Example 1.10 shows how to calculate a scalar product in two ways.
[Insert figure 1.27 here]
Finding an angle using the scalar product

Example 1.11 shows how to use components to find the angle between two vectors.
The vector productFigures 1.291.30

The vector product (cross product) of two vectors has magnitude
| A B | AB sin
and the righthand rule gives its direction. See Figures 1.29 and 1.30.

01 Lecture Outline

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Chapter 1

Units, Physical Quantities, and Vectors

Goals for Chapter 1

3 fundamental quantities of physics (length, mass, time)

Goals for Chapter 1

vector components Ex: v = velocity; vx = v cosq component

unit vectors (indicating direction only) multiplying vectors

Solving problems in physics

Solving problems in physics

Solving problems in physics

Solving problems in physics

Standards and units

Unit consistency and conversions

(distance/time) x (time) = distance

Unit consistency and conversions

5 meters/sec x 10 hour x (3600 sec/hour)

Unit consistency and conversions

Learn these and prefixes like Mega, Tera, Pico, etc.!

Measurement & Uncertainty

Measurement & Uncertainty

In online homework, sig figs matter!

Rules for Significant Figures

1-3 Measurement and Uncertainty

Measurement & Uncertainty

Uncertainty and significant figures Every measurement has uncertainty

Ex: 8.7 cm (2 sig figs)

Good practice include uncertainty with every measurement!

Uncertainty and significant figuresFigure 1.7

Physics involves approximations; these can affect the precision of a measurement.

Uncertainty and significant figuresFigure 1.7

Conceptual Example: Significant figures

Conceptual Example: Significant figures

2 sig figs! (30. +/- 1 degrees or 3.0 x 101 +/- 1 degrees)

Conceptual Example: Significant figures

Conceptual Example: Significant figures

0.866025403, but to two sig figs, 0.87!

1-3 Accuracy vs. Precision

You were accurate! How accurate? Measured by ERROR.

| 9.81 10 | / 9.81 x 100% = 1.9%

1-3 Accuracy vs. Precision

Precision is reflected by significant figures in your measurements!

1-3 Accuracy vs. Precision

1-3 Accuracy vs. Precision

1-6 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating

Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating

Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating

Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating

1-6 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating

Vectors and scalars

A scalar quantity can be described by a single number.

Drawing vectorsFigure 1.10

Adding two vectors graphicallyFigures 1.111.12

Adding two vectors graphicallyFigures 1.111.12

Adding two vectors graphicallyFigures 1.111.12

Adding more than two vectors graphicallyFigure 1.13

The vectors can be added in any order.

Adding more than two vectors graphicallyFigure 1.13

The vectors can be added in any order.

Subtracting vectors Figure 1.14 shows how to subtract vectors.

Subtracting vectors Figure 1.14 shows how to subtract vectors.

Multiplying a vector by a scalar

If c is a scalar, the product cA has magnitude |c|A.

Addition of two vectors at right angles

Follow Example 1.5.