ME16A: CHAPTER ONE

STATICALLY
DETERMINATE
STRESS SYSTEMS
 INTRODUCTION

 A problem is said to be
statically determinate if the
stress within the body can be
calculated purely from the
conditions of equilibrium of the
applied loading and internal
forces.
 2.1 AXIALLY LOADED BARS,
STRUT OR COLUMN
2.1 AXIALLY LOADED BARS, STRUT OR COLUMN
The external force applied at the ends of the member is balanced by
internal force which is average stress x cross sectional area.

F F
σX

If the axially loaded bar is cut perpendicular to the axis into two:
F
F= σx A i. eσx = (tensile stress)
A
If the bar is cut at an angle to the axis, two components of
stress will be created: one normal to the plane, σh and the other
parallel to the plane, τs .
σh τs .
τs .
σh
2.1.1. Principle of St. Venant

 It states that the actual distribution

of load over the surface of its
application will not affect the
distribution of stress or strain on
sections of the body which are at
an appreciable distance (> 3 times
its greatest width) away from the
load
Principle of St. Venant Contd.

 e.g. a rod in simple tension may have

the end load applied.
 (a) Centrally concentrated
 (b) Distributed round the
circumference of rod
 (c) Distributed over the end cross-
section.
 All are statically equivalent.
Principle of St. Venant Concluded

F F

Uniform stress – stress distribution

not affected by distribution of load but
by its resultant.

Alternatively: The principle states that the stress distribution at sections far removed
from the point of application of concentrated forces depends on stress resultants and not
on the actual distribution of forces.
 Example
 The piston of an engine is 30 cm in diameter
and the piston rod is 5 cm in diameter. The
steam pressure is 100 N/cm2.
 Find (a) the stress on the piston rod and
 (b) the elongation of a length of 80 cm when
the piston is in instroke.
 (c) the reduction in diameter of the piston
rod (E = 2 x 107 N/cm2; v = 0.3).
 Solution

p = 100 N/cm2
F σx 30 cm
Piston rod
(dia. = 5 cm)
Piston

(a) For horizontal equilibrium of forces

π x 52 π x (302 − 52 )
σx = 100 N / cm x
2

4 4
π / 4(100)(302 − 52 )
σ x = σ rod = = 3500 N / cm2
π /4 x 5 2

FL σ L 3500 N / cm2 x 80 cm
(b) Elongation = = = = 0.014 cm
AE E 2 x 107 N / cm2
Change in dia 1 1
εy = = [σ y − ν σ x ] = [0 − 0.3(3500)]
(c) Original dia E 2 x 107
= − 5.25 x 10−5
Change in diameter = 5.25 x 10 -5 x 5 = 0.0002625 cm
2.2 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE
VESSELS

 Cylindrical and spherical pressure

vessels are commonly used for storing
gas and liquids under pressure.
 A thin cylinder is normally defined as
one in which the thickness of the metal
is less than 1/20 of the diameter of the
cylinder.
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE
VESSELS CONTD
 In thin cylinders, it can be assumed
that the variation of stress within the
metal is negligible, and that the mean
diameter, Dm is approximately equal to
the internal diameter, D.
 At mid-length, the walls are subjected
to hoop or circumferential stress, and
a longitudinal stress, .
Hoop and Longitudinal Stress
2.2.1 Hoop stress in thin cylindrical
shell
 Hoop stress in thin cylindrical shell
Contd.

 The internal pressure, p tends to

increase the diameter of the cylinder
and this produces a hoop or
circumferential stress (tensile).
 If the stress becomes excessive, failure
in the form of a longitudinal burst would
occur.
 Hoop stress in thin cylindrical shell
Concluded

Consider the half cylinder shown. Force due to internal pressure, p is balanced by the
force due to hoop stress, σ
h.

i.e. hoop stress x area = pressure x projected area

σ
h x 2Lt = Pxd L

σ
h = (P d) / 2 t

Where: d is the internal diameter of cylinder; t is the thickness of wall of cylinder.

2.2.2. Longitudinal stress in thin
cylindrical shell
 Longitudinal stress in thin cylindrical
shell Contd.

The internal pressure, P also produces a tensile stress in

longitudinal direction as shown above.

Force by P acting on an area

π
d2
is balanced by
4
longitudinal stress, σ
L acting over an approximate area,

π
dt (mean diameter should strictly be used). That is:

σ π
d2
L xπ
dt=
Px
4
Pd
σ
L =
4t
 Note

 1. Since hoop stress is twice longitudinal

stress, the cylinder would fail by tearing
along a line parallel to the axis, rather than
on a section perpendicular to the axis.
 The equation for hoop stress is therefore
used to determine the cylinder thickness.
 Allowance is made for this by dividing the
thickness obtained in hoop stress equation
by efficiency (i.e. tearing and shearing
efficiency) of the joint.
Longitudinal stress in thin cylindrical
shell Concluded
Example

 A cylindrical boiler is subjected to an

internal pressure, p. If the boiler has a
mean radius, r and a wall thickness, t,
derive expressions for the hoop and
longitudinal stresses in its wall. If
Poisson’s ratio for the material is 0.30,
find the ratio of the hoop strain to the
longitudinal strain and compare it with
the ratio of stresses.
 Solution

Hoop stress will cause expansion on the lateral direction and is

equal to σy while the longitudinal stress is σx
p d p x 2r p r
Hoop stress, σh = = = ieσy
2t 2t t
p d p x 2r p r
Longitudinal stress, σL = = = i. e.σx
4t 4t 2t
(a) Stress ratio = 2
1 1 pr pr 0.2 pr
(b) εx = [σx −υσy ] = [ −0.3 ] = ( Longitudinal strain)
E E 2t t E t
1 1 pr pr 0.85 pr
εy = [σy −υσx ] = [ −0.3 ] = ( Hoop strain)
E E t 2t E t
Hoop strain 0.85
Ratio of strains = = = 4.25
Longitudinal strain 0.2
2.2.3 Pressure in Spherical Vessels

2.2.3 Pressure in Spherical Vessels

Problems dealing with spherical vessels follow similar solutions to that for thin cylinders
except that there will be longitudinal stresses in all directions. No hoop or circumferential
stresses are produced.

Pd
i.e σL =
4t
2.3 STRESSES IN THIN ROTATING
RINGS

 If a thin circular ring or cylinder, is rotated

about its centre, there will be a natural
tendency for the diameter of the ring to be
increased.
 A centripetal force is required to maintain a
body in circular motion.
 In the case of a rotating ring, this force can
only arise from the hoop or circumferential
stress created in the ring.
STRESSES IN THIN ROTATING
RING
 STRESSES IN THIN ROTATING
RINGS CONTD.

Consider a thin ring of mean radius, r, density, ρand

having a cross-sectional area, A, to be rotating about
centre O with an angular velocity, w (rad/s).
For an elemental length which sustends an angle dθ at O,
as shown in Fig. (a).
Circumferential length of element = r dθ
Volume of element = r A dθ
Mass of element = ρ r A dθ
Centripetal force to maintain circular motion = mass x w2 r = ρr A dθ w2 r
= ρw2 r2 A dθ
 STRESSES IN THIN ROTATING
RINGS CONTD.

If the hoop stress created in the ring is σh

Force F acting on cross-section = σh . A (see diagram b)
Radial component of the force, F = 2 ( σh . A) sin dθ2 =

2 ( σh . A) dθ2 ( for small dθ)

This radial component of forces, F supplies the required
centripetal force to maintain the element in circular motion. Thus:
2 ( σh . A) dθ2 = ρw2 r2 A dθ
i.e. σh = ρw2 r2
Putting velocity, V = wr ; σh = ρV2
STRESSES IN THIN ROTATING
RINGS CONCLUDED

 Hence: Hoop stress created in

a thin rotating ring, or cylinder
is independent of the cross-
sectional area.
 For a given peripheral speed,
the stress is independent of the
radius of the ring.
EXAMPLE

 A thin steel plate having a tensile

strength of 440 MN/m2 and a density of
7.8 Mg/m3 is formed into a circular
drum of mean diameter 0.8 m.
 Determine the greatest speed at which
the drum can be rotated if there is to be
a safety factor of 8. E = 210 GN/m2.
 SOLUTION

440 MN / m2
=
55 MN / m2

ρ
Greatest stress to be applied = Factor of safety (8)

σρρ
==
. Mg / m3
78 7800 kg / m3

σ
hoop stress, h = V2 = w2 r2

ρ w= =
55 x 106 N / m2
h
=
209.9 rad / s

π
2 3 2 2
r 7800 kg / m x 0.4 (m )

rad = 1800, rad = 57.2960

In 3600 (1 rev), we have 360/57.296 = 6.283 rad
i.e 209.9 rad /s = 33.407 rev/s = 2004.4 rev/min
2.4 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STRESS SYSTEMS

 There is the need to assess the

geometry of deformation and
link stress and strain through
modulus and Poisson’s ratio for
the material.
2.4.1 Volume Changes

 Example: A pressure cylinder, 0.8 m

long is made out of 5 mm thick steel
plate which has an elastic modulus of
210 x 103 N/mm2 and a Poisson’s ratio
of 0.28. The cylinder has a mean
diameter of 0.3 m and is closed at its
ends by flat plates. If it is subjected to
an internal pressure of 3 N/mm2,
calculate its increase in volume.
 SOLUTION

Hoop stress, σ h = (P d) / 2 t =

3 N / mm2 x 300 mm
= 90 N / mm2
2 x 5 mm
Longitudinal stress, σ L = (P d) / 4 t = 45 N/mm2
Longitudinal strain,
1 1
εL = [σ L − υ σ h ] = 3 2
[45 − 0.28 x 90] = 0.00009429
E 210 x 10 N / mm
 SOLUTION CONCLUDED
Hoop strain,
1 1
ε h = [σ h − υ σ L ] = 3 2
[90 − 0.28 x 45] = 0.0003686
E 210 x 10 N / mm

Volumetric strain = ε L + 2 ε h = 0.00083134 (See Section 1.4)

Original volume of cylinder is equal to :

π x 3002
x 800 = 56.5487 x 10−6 mm3
4
Increase in volume = 56.5487 x 10−6 x 0.00083134 = 47009 mm3
 Example

 The dimensions of an oil storage tank

with hemispherical ends are shown in
the Figure. The tank is filled with oil
and the volume of oil increases by
0.1% for each degree rise in
temperature of 10C. If the coefficient
of linear expansion of the tank material
is 12 x 10-6 per 0C, how much oil will
be lost if the temperature rises by 100C.
 SOLUTION

For 100C rise in temperature:

Volumetric strain of oil = 0.001 x 10 = 0.01
Volumetric strain of tank = 3 α T
= 3 x 12 x 10-6 x 10 = 0.00036
Difference in volumetric strain = 0.01 - 0.00036 = 0.00964
Volume of tank = π x 102 x 100 + 4/3 x π x 103 =
10000 π + 1333.33 π
= 11333.33 π m3

Volume of oil lost = strain difference x volume of tank = 0.00964 x 11333.33 π m3

= 343.2 m3.
2.4.2 IMPACT LOADS

L W

x = dl
 IMPACT LOADS CONTD.
Consider a weight, W falling through a height, h
on to a collar attached to one end of a uniform bar.
The other end of the bar is fixed.
Let dl be the maximum extension caused
and σbe the stress set up.
Let P be the equivalent static or gradually applied load
which would cause the same extension, dl
Strain energy in the bar at this instant = 1/2 P. dl
Neglecting loss of energy at impact:

L W

x = dl
IMPACT LOADS CONTD.

Loss of potential energy of weight, W on impact = Gain of strain energy of bar

i.e. W (h + dl) = 1/2 P dl
PL
Recall that : dl =
AE
PL 1 P2 L
i.e W (h + ) = ( )
AE 2 AE
L W
PL 1 P 2 L
Wh + W =
AE 2 AE
1 P 2 L WPL h
i. e. − − Wh =0
2 AE AE
AE x = dl
Multiplying by
L
P2 WhAE
−
WP − = 0
2 L
 IMPACT LOADS CONTD.

Recall the quadratic equation formula:

−+
b b 2 −4ac
P=
2a
1 WhAE
i. e. P =W + W 2 +4 x L W
2 L
Using only the positive root:
h
P =W + W +2WhAE / L
2

2hAE x = dl
=W[1 + 1 + ]
WL

PL P
From which dl = and σ= can be obtained.
AE A
IMPACT LOADS CONTD.

 Note: 1. For a suddenly applied load ,

h = 0 and P = 2 W i.e the stress
produced by a suddenly applied load is
twice the static stress.
 2. If there is no deformation, ‘ x’ of
the bar, W will oscillate about, and
come to rest in the normal equilibrium
position.
 IMPACT LOAD CONCLUDED

 3. The above analysis assumes that the

whole of the rod attains the same value of
maximum stress at the same instant.
 In actual practice, a wave of stress is set up
by the impact and is propagated along the
rod.
 This approximate analysis, however, gives
results on the “safe” side.
 EXAMPLE

 A mass of 100 kg falls 4 cm on

to a collar attached to a bar of
steel, 2 cm diameter, 3 m long.
 Find the maximum stress set
up. E = 205,000 N/mm2.
 SOLUTION CONCLUDED

π x 202
Area of bar = = 314.2 mm2
4
W = 100 x 9.81 = 981 N

2 x 40 x 314.2 x 205000
P = 981[1 + 1 + ] = 42029.65 N
981 x 3000
P 42029.65 N
Stress = = = 133.77 = 134 N / mm 2

A 314.2 mm2
 ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION

Using Alternative Equation:

2σ Eh 1/ 2
σ ' =σ +(σ 2 + ) By Benham and Crawford (1987)
L
100 x 9.81 981
σ = 2
= = 3122
. N / mm2 ; σ 2 = 9.748
20 314.2
πx
4

2 x 3122
. x 205000 x 40
σ ' = 3122
. + 9.748 +
3000

= 133.80 = 134 N/mm2.