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Take five minutes now to try the Unit 8 warm up questions in your manual.
Please do not compare answers with other participants. Your answers will not be collected or graded. We will review your answers at the end of the unit.
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list the variables for analysing surveillance data identify the types of charts and graphs and when the use of each is appropriate
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Place: Where are cases occurring? Is the geographical distribution changing over time?
Time: Is the number of reported cases changing over time?
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The purpose of developing clearly understandable tables, charts and graphs is to facilitate:
analysis of data interpretation of data effective, rapid communication on complex issues and situations
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Types of Variables
Ordinal variables are those that have a natural order. Nominal variables represent discrete categories without a natural order. Dichotomous variables have only two categories
Use clear descriptive titles and labels. Provide a narrative description of the highlights. Dont compare variables with different scales of magnitude.
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Graphs
A diagram shown as a series of one or more points, lines, line segments, curves or areas
Represents variation of a variable in comparison with that of one or more other variables
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Scale line graph: represents frequency distributions over time Y-axis represents frequency.
X-axis represents time.
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30
% 20
10
Year
0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
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Bar Charts
Uses differently coloured or patterned bars to represent different classes Y-axis represents frequency
X-axis may represent time or different classes
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25 20 15 10 5 0 Female sex workers Men who have sex with men Injecting drug users Population Prisoners Refugees
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Arrange categories that define bars in a natural order (for example, age). If natural order does not exist, define categories by name, such as country, sex or marital status. Position the bars either vertically or horizontally. Make bars the same width. Length of bars should be proportional to the frequency of event.
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Bars can be presented as clusters of sub-groups in clustered bar charts. These are useful to compare values across categories. They are sometimes called stacked bar charts.
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Site 3
Site 4
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Show no more than three sub-bars within a group of bars. Leave a space between adjacent groups of bars. Use different colours or patterns to show different sub-groups for the variables being shown. Include a legend that interprets the different colours and patterns.
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Histograms
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Example: Histogram
Figu8.4. re 7.3. Childr en Living with HIV, Figure Children living with HIV, District X, 2002 District X, 2002
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 <1 1 2 3 4
5 -9
10 - 13
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Pie Charts
A circular (360 degree) graphic representation Compares subclasses or categories to the whole class or category using differently coloured or patterned segments
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Area Maps
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Tables
A rectangular arrangement of data in which the data are positioned in rows and columns. Each row and column should be labelled.
Rows and columns with totals should be shown in the last row or in the right-hand column.
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Example: Table
Table 8.1. Adults and children with HIV/AIDS by region in Country Y, end year X
Region Adults and adolescents 15 years
14 800 400 000 997 000 985 000 1 460 000 465 000 940 000 380 000 900 000 545 000 7 086 800
Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
200 20 000 3 000 15 000 40 000 35 000 10 000 220 000 600 000 5 000 948 200
15 000 420 000 1 000 000 1 000 000 1 500 000 500 000 950 000 600 000 1 500 000 550 000 8 035 000 #1-8-25
In Summary
Using several simpler graphics is more effective than attempting to combine all of the information into one figure.
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Warm Up Review
Take a few minutes now to look back at your answers to the warm up questions at the beginning of the unit.
Make any changes you want to.
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Get into small groups to discuss these questions. Choose a speaker for your group who will report back to the class.
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Select one member from your group to present your answers. Discuss with the rest of the class.
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Follow along as we go over the case study in class. Discuss your answers with the rest of the class.
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Do you have any questions on the information we just covered? Are you happy with how we worked on Unit 8?
Do you want to try something different that will help the group?
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