PROTEIN

A. PENGERTIAN PROTEIN
PROTEIN BERASAL DARI BAHASA YUNANI PROTOS

THAT MEAN THE PRIME IMPORTANCE

ARTINYA : TERUTAMA ATAU PENTING

G. MULDER MENEMUKAN BAHWA

SENYAWA INI DITEMUKAN PADA SEMUA ORGANISME HIDUP BAIK PADA TUMBUHAN MAUPUN HEWAN, MERUPAKAN KOMPONEN TERBESAR DALAM JARINGAN TUMBUHAN DAN TUBUH HEWAN

A. PENGERTIAN
PROTEIN MERUPAKAN SENYAWA POLIPEPTIDA SETIAP PEPTIDA TERSUSUN ATAS ASAM AMINO SEBAGAI KOMPONEN TERKECIL UNSUR PENYUSUNNYA : C,H,O,N

B. ASAM AMINO
ASAM

AMINO ADALAH SENYAWA YANG TERSUSUN ATAS GUGUS KARBOKSIL (COOH) DAN GUGUS AMIN (NH2)

STRUKTUR

:
N H

R
C H

O C OH

Structure of Amino Acid

The side group H H N H C H H

O C O H H C H

Glycine The simplest amino acid

O
H N H C H C O H

Alanine

CONDENSATION OF AMINO ACID

HOH
Amino acid

Amino acid

water

Dipeptida

An OH group from the acid end of one amino acid and an H atom from the amino acid group of another join to form a molecule of water

A peptida bond (highlighted in red) forms between the two amino acids, creating a peptide

JENIS ASAM AMINO

1.

ASAM AMINO ESENSIAL (INDISPENSABLE AMINO

ACID)

ASAM AMINO YANG TIDAK DAPAT DISINTESIS OLEH TUBUH, HARUS DIPEROLEH DARI LUAR (MAKANAN) 2. ASAM AMINO NON ESENSIAL (DISPENSABLE AMINO

ACID)

ASAM AMINO YANG DAPAT DISINTESIS DI DALAM TUBUH, DARI SUPLAI NITROGEN 3. ASAM AMINO SEMI ESENSIAL (CONDITIONALLY

ESSENSIAL)

ASAM AMINO YANG PADA KONDISI TERTENTU TIDAK DAPAT DIBENTUK OLEH TUBUH

JENIS ASAM AMINO

ESENSIAL
Histidin Lisin Leusin Isoleusin Methionin Valin Threonin Venilalanin Triptofan

NON ESENSIAL
Alanin Arginin Asparagin Asam aspartat Asam Glutamat Glutamin Glisin Serin Prolin Sistein Tyrosin

SEMI ESENSIAL
Arginin

Glutamin

Sistein Tyrosin

C. FUNGSI
1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

SUMBER ENERGI MEMBENTUK STRUKTUR SEL MEMBENTUK SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH MEMBENTUK SENYAWA TUBUH YANG ESENSIAL KESEIMBANGAN ASAM BASA KESEIMBANGAN CAIRAN TUBUH TRANSPOR ZAT GIZI

1. SUMBER ENERGI

PROTEIN DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI BILA SUPLAI KARBOHIDRAT DAN LEMAK KURANG

KARBOHIDRAT DAN LEMAK ADALAH PROTEIN-SPARING

They spare amino acids from being burned for energy and allow them to be used for protein synthesis

2. MEMBENTUK STRUKTUR SEL

SEL TERSUSUN ATAS PROTEIN FUNGSI PERTUMBUHAN DAN PEMELIHARAAN FUNGSI KOLAGEN YAITU SUATU PROTEIN FIBROUSA DI DALAM TUBUH YANG MEERUPAKAN KOMPONEN JARINGAN IKAT (CONNECTIVE TISSUE)

STRUCTURAL PROTEIN

PROTEIN PROVIDE STRUCTURE TO ALL CELLS INCLUDING HAIR, NAILS, SKIN, AND BONE MOTOR PROTEIN : PROTEIN THAT TURN ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL WORK. MOTOR PROTEIN ACTIVE IN PROCESSES SUCH AS DIVIDING CELLS, CONTRACTING MUSCLE, SWIMMING SPERM

3. SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH

PROTEIN MEMBENTUK ANTIBODY YANG BERTANGGUNG JAWAB UNTUK MELAWAN INFEKSI DAN BENDA ASING YANG MASUK DALAM TUBUH ANTIBODY : PROTEIN YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH B LIMFOSIT SEBAGAI RESPON ADANYA ANTIGEN (PROTEIN PADA VIRUS ATAU BAKTERI) IMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig A, Ig E, Ig M) ADALAH PROTEIN

4. KESEIMBANGAN CAIRAN TUBUH

PROTEIN DARAH DAPAT MENGHASILKAN TEKANAN ONKOTIK, YAITU TEKANAN UNTUK MEMPERTAHANKAN AGAR CAIRAN TUBUH TETAP BERADA PADA KOMPARTEMENNYA CAIRAN : - INTRASEL : DI DALAM SEL - EKSTRASEL : a. INTERSELULER B. INTRAVASKULAR DEFISIENSI PROTEIN DI DALAM DARAH AKAN MENYEBABKAN ODEMA KARENA TEKANAN ONKOTIK YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH PROTEIN TIDAK MAMPU MEMPERTAHANKAN CAIRAN UNTUK TETAP BERADA DI DALAM KOMPARTEMEN, SEHINGGA CAIRAN AKAN KELUAR----ODEMA

Tekanan onkotik

Tekanan darah yang dihasilkan jandtung (tek. Hidrostatik mendorong cairan keluar dari pembuluh darah -----odema

Protein darah akan menarik cairan kedalam

5. MENGATUR ASAM BASA

PROTEIN DARAH DAPAT BERPERAN SEBAGAI BUFER PH DARAH DITENTUKAN OLEH KONSENTRASI ION HIDROGEN SEMAKIN TINGGI KONSENTRASI ION H SEMAKIN RENDAH PH (SEMAKIN ASAM) ASAM : PH < 7

6. MEMBENTUK SENYAWA TUBUH ESENSIAL

HORMON SUATU SENYAWA YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH TUBUH TERSUSUN ATAS PROTEIN UNTUK FUNGSI REGULATOR ENZIM ADALAH PROTEIN YANG MENGKATALIS REAKSI KIMIA DI DALAM TUBUH HEMOGLOBIN KOMPONEN DARAH YANG TERSUSUN ATAS PROTEIN DAN ZAT BESI

Human Insulin

Human insulin is relatively small protein that consist of 51 amino acid in two short Polypeptide chains. Two brigdes link he two chains. A third bridge spans a section within the short chain. Known as disulfide bridges, these link involve the amino acid Cystein (Cys), whose side group contains sulfur (S). Cystein connect to each other when bonds form between these side group.

7. TRANSPOR ZAT GIZI

PROTEIN DI DALAM DARAH DAPAT BERPERAN PENGANGKUT ZAT GIZI LAINNYA CONTOH : - RETINOL BINDING- PROTEIN (RBP) - TRANSFERIN - LIPOPROTEIN

D. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

Digestion is facilitated mostly by the stomachs acid and enzymes, wich first denature dietary protein, then cleave them into smaller polypeptides and some amino acid. Pancreatic an dintestinal enzymes split this poly peptides further to oligo-, tri,and dipeptides, and then split most of these to single amino acid. Then carries in the membranes of intestinal cells transport the amino acid into the cells, where they are releases into the bloodstream
MOUTH

Salivary glands stomach Pancreatic duct

esophagus liver gallblader

pancreas

What happen in each organd on protein and HCl & enzymes?

Small intestine

PENCERNAAN PROTEIN
MULUT : BELUM TERJADI PENCERNAAN LAMBUNG : PROTEIN
PEPSIN HCL PANKREATIK PROTEASE PEPTIDASE

PEPTIDA

USUS HALUS : PEPTIDA

ASAM AMINO

ALKALI

PENCERNAAN
DI LAMBUNG

Terjadi denaturasi protein oleh HCl, sehingga protein mudah dipecah oleh enzim Dinding lambung menghasilkan pro-enzim pepsinogen, yang diaktifkan oleh HCl menjadi enzim pepsin Pepsin sangat aktif pada pH 2,5 dan inactif pada pH >5 Sekresi cairan lambung pH 0,8 dan bila bercampur dengan makanan maka pH menjadi 2-2,5 menjadi pH yang ideal untuk mengaktifkan pepsin Pepsin bertanggung jawab 10-20% dari proses pencernaan

PENCERNAAN
DI USUS HALUS

Pemecahan protein terjadi secara efektif di usus halus

usus dan pankreas menghasilkan proenzim tripsinogen dan kimotripsinogen sebagai respon masuknya protein di dalam usus, yang berubah menjadi enzim tripsin dan kimotripsin karena suasana alkali lainnya adalah peptidase memecah dipeptida menjadi asam amino

Dinding

Enzim

E. METABOLISME PROTEIN
DALAM

KONDISI NORMAL, HANYA HANYA 15% PROTEIN DI DALAM TUBUH YANG DIUBAH MENJADI ENERGI DI DALAM TUBUH MENGALAMI TURN OVER

PROTEIN

METABOLISM
The sum total of all the chamical reactions that go on in living cells Anabolism : reaction in which small molecules are put together to build larger one. Anabolic reactions require energy Catabolism : reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller one. Catabolic reaction release energy

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Protein

can be synthesized in the body cell (ribosome) Each human being is unique because of small differences in the bodys proteins., which in turn, are determined by genes. When a cell makes a protein, its called the gene for that protein has been expressed. Cells can regulate gene expression to make the type of protein.

PROTEIN TURN OVER & AMINO ACID POOL

Protein turn over : Whitin each cell, protein are continually being made and broken When protein break down, they free amino acid These amino acid mix with amino acid from dietary protein form an amino acid pool within the cells and circulating blood

NITROGEN BALANCE
In

healthy adults, protein synthesis balance with degradation, and protein intake from foof balances with nitrogen excretion in the urine, feces and sweat. Nitrogen status is positive in growing infants, children, adolescents, pregnant women Nitrogen status is negative in people who are starving or suffering other severe stresses such as burn, injuries, infections, fever

JALUR METABOLISME PROTEIN

PROTEIN KARBOHIDRAT LEMAK

ASAM AMINO

GLUKOSA
PIRUVAT

GLISEROL

ASAM LEMAK

ACETYL Co A

TCA CYCLE

NH3

H2O

CO2

TURN OVER PROTEIN

DIETARY PROTEIN

Pemecahan AA Dari sell

Degradasi protein

BODY PROTEIN ASAM AMINO Sintensis protein Sintesis senyawa Non protein HATI : Kel. AA Urea

POOL AA DLM SEL

Carbon

Asam Lemak Glukosa Energi

GINJAL

METABOLISME PROTEIN
PROSES METABOLISME PROTEIN ADA 2 MACAM : 1. PROSES TRANSAMINASI 2. PROSES DEAMINASI

TRANSAMINASI : PROSES PEMINDAHAN GUGUS AMIN DARI SATU ASAM AMINO UNTUK MEMBENTUK ASAM AMINO BARU
CONTOH : PEMBENTUKAN SISTIN DARI METIONIN

DEAMINASI PROSES PENGHILANGAN GUGUS AMIN SEHINGGA AKAN MEMBENTUK SENYAWA BARU
CONTOH : PEMBENTUKAN NIASIN DARI TRIPTOFAN

DEAMINATION
When

amino acid are broken down (as occurs when they are used for energy), they are first deaminated, stripped of their amino groups. Deamination produce ammonia, which the cells release into the bloodstream. The liver pick up the ammonia, converts it into urea (a less toxic compound), and returns urea into the blood. The production of urea increase as dietary protein increase (max 250 g/day)

 Two

products result from deamination :

1. keto acid (the carbon structure without amino group) 2. Ammonia (NH3), a toxic compound
Most

amino acids can be used to synthesize glucose from pyruvate, they are called a glucogenic amino acid Some amino acids are converted directly to acetyl CoA, they called ketogenic amino acid

AMINO ACID ENTER THE ENERGY PATHWAY

NH2

Glucogenic Amino acids

NH2
CoA

Piruvate
Coenzyme

Coenzyme

H+ E-

NH2

CO2

To electron Transport chain

Ketogenic Amino acids

Acetyl CoA

NH2

Glucogenic Amino acids

NH2

TCA Cycle

TRANSAMINATION
The

transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to keto acid, producing a new non essential amino acid and a new keto acid Through many such transamination reactions, involving many different keto acids, the liver cells can synthesize the non essential amino acids

TRANSAMINATION Side group C COOH

Keto acid A

Side group O

C COOH

NH2

Amino acid B

Side group H C COOH

Amino acid A

Side group NH2

C COOH
Keto acid B

UREA EXCRETION
Blood stream
Amonia +
(NH3)

The liver and kidneys both play a role in Disposing of excess nitrogen.

CO2

Liver
Urea Urea

Person with liver disease has high blood ammonia

Person with kidney disease has high blood urea

Blood stream

Kidney

Urea

To blader & out of body