Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis Bala Vinayagam

Mar 21, 2006

1 GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin 26-Sep-13

Contents
Effects of power quality Power Quality definitions revisited What is needed for PQ monitoring ? GE Multilins solution o PQMII o EPM9000 series Summary

Monitor and Analyze Power Disturbances, Disruptions & Harmonics

2 GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin 26-Sep-13

PQ is a Business Problem
Power Quality issues cause business problems such as:
Lost productivity, idle people and equipment
Lost orders, good will, customers and profits Lost transactions and orders not being processed Revenue and accounting problems Customer and/or management dissatisfaction Overtime required to make up for lost work time

According to Electric Light and Power Magazine, 30 to 40 Percent of All Business Downtime Is Related to Power Quality Problems.
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Is Power Quality Such a Big Problem?

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Why PQ is such a Big Problem?

The sensitivity of todays electronic equipment makes it susceptible to power disturbances For some devices, a momentary disturbance can cause o scrambled data o interrupted communications o a frozen mouse o system crashes and equipment failure

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PQ Problems are Expensive

Berkeley Lab Study Estimates $80 Billion Annual Cost of Power Interruptions Research News, Berkeley Lab, February 2, 2005 $50 billon per year in the USA is lost as a results of power quality breakdowns . Bank of America Report A manufacturing company lost more than $3 million one day last summer in Silicon Valley when the lights went out. New York Times January 2000

A voltage sag in a paper mill can waste a whole day of production - $250,000 loss Business Week, June 17,, 1996
Half of all computer problems and one-third of all data loss can be traced back to the power line Contingency Planning Research, LAN Times
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Who is Affected?
High Cost Facilities o Semiconductor plants o Pharmaceuticals o Data centers Medium Cost Facilities o Automotive manufacturing o Glass plants o Plastics & Chemicals o Textiles

Lost production Scrap Costs to restart Labor costs Equipment damage and repair Other costs

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PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Short Duration Variations Instantaneous Sag Momentary Sag Temporary Sag Typical Duration 0.5 30 cycles 30 cycles 3 sec 3 sec 1 min

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PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Short Duration Variations Instantaneous Sag Momentary Sag Temporary Sag Instantaneous Swell Momentary Swell Temporary Swell Typical Duration 0.5 30 cycles 30 cycles 3 sec. 3 sec 1 min. 0.5 30 cycles 30 cycles 3 sec. 3 sec 1 min.

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Multilin 26-Sep-13

PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Short Duration Variations Instantaneous Sag Momentary Sag Temporary Sag Instantaneous Swell Momentary Swell Temporary Swell Momentary Interruptions Temporary Interruptions Typical Duration 0.5 30 cycles 30 cycles 3 sec. 3 sec 1 min. 0.5 30 cycles 30 cycles 3 sec. 3 sec 1 min. 0.5 30 cycles 30 cycles 3 sec.

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PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Long Duration Variations Sustained interruptions Under voltages Over voltages Typical Duration > 1 min > 1 min > 1 min

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PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Long Duration Variations Sustained interruptions Under voltages Over voltages Voltage imbalance Waveform Distortion Typical Duration > 1 min > 1 min > 1 min Steady state

12 GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin 26-Sep-13

PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Long Duration Variations Sustained interruptions Under voltages Over voltages Voltage imbalance Waveform Distortion DC offset Harmonics Inter harmonics Steady state Steady state Steady state Typical Duration > 1 min > 1 min > 1 min Steady state

For Electric Utilities Control of Voltage and Prevention of Outages is Power Quality
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Sources of PQ Problems
Utility Sources Lightning Internal Sources Individual Loads Lighting, Elevators, Coolers, HVAC Uninterruptible Power Supplies

PF Correction Equipment
Faults Switching

Variable Frequency Drives

Battery Chargers Large Motors During Startup Electronic Dimming Systems Lighting Ballasts (esp. Electronic) Arc Welders, and Other Arc Devices Medical Equipment, e.g. MRIs and X-Ray Machines Office Equipment and Computers Wiring
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PQ Problems and Possible Causes

Typical problems Overheated neutral Intermittent lock-ups Frequency deviations Disturbance Type Steady-state Possible Causes Shared neutrals Improper or inadequate wiring High source impedance SCR/Rectifiers and notching Harmonics

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Multilin 26-Sep-13

PQ Problems and Possible Causes

Typical problems Overheated neutral Intermittent lock-ups Frequency deviations Disturbance Type Steady-state Possible Causes Shared neutrals Improper or inadequate wiring High source impedance SCR/Rectifiers and notching Harmonics Utility faults Inrush currents Inadequate wiring

Interruption Garbled data Random increase in harmonics levels

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Multilin 26-Sep-13

PQ Problems and Possible Causes

Typical problems Overheated neutral Intermittent lock-ups Frequency deviations Disturbance Type Steady-state Possible Causes Shared neutrals Improper or inadequate wiring High source impedance SCR/Rectifiers and notching Harmonics Utility faults Inrush currents Inadequate wiring

Interruption Garbled data Random increase in harmonics levels

Intermittent lock-ups Lights flicker Garbled data

Sags/Swell

Source voltage variations Inrush/surge currents Inadequate wiring

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Multilin 26-Sep-13

PQ Problems and Possible Causes

Typical problems Overheated neutral Intermittent lock-ups Frequency deviations Disturbance Type Steady-state Possible Causes Shared neutrals Improper or inadequate wiring High source impedance SCR/Rectifiers and notching Harmonics Utility faults Inrush currents Inadequate wiring

Interruption Garbled data Random increase in harmonics levels

Intermittent lock-ups Lights flicker Garbled data

Component failure Dielectric breakdown Lock-ups Garbled data Wavy CRTs

Sags/Swell

Source voltage variations Inrush/surge currents Inadequate wiring

Lightning Load switching Capacitor switching Static discharge Hand-held radios Loose wiring/arcing

Impulses EMI/RFI

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PQ Problems and Possible Causes

Typical problems Overheated neutral Intermittent lock-ups Frequency deviations Disturbance Type Steady-state Possible Causes Shared neutrals Improper or inadequate wiring High source impedance SCR/Rectifiers and notching Harmonics Utility faults Inrush currents Inadequate wiring

Interruption Garbled data Random increase in harmonics levels

Intermittent lock-ups Lights flicker Garbled data

Component failure Dielectric breakdown Lock-ups Garbled data Wavy CRTs Overheated transformers and motors Voltage and current distortions Garbled data Lock-ups

Sags/Swell

Source voltage variations Inrush/surge currents Inadequate wiring

Lightning Load switching Capacitor switching Static discharge Hand-held radios Loose wiring/arcing Electronic loads SCR/rectifier

Impulses EMI/RFI

Harmonics

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Major PQ Problems
Outages,

6%
Spikes, 7%

Swells, 31%
Source: EPRI, 1994

Sags, 56%

Swells System fault conditions Switching on a large capacitor bank Switching off a large load

Sags (Dips) Associated with system faults Switching of heavy loads Starting of large motors

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Cost of Voltage Sags

Textile Industry Plastics Industry Glass Industry Process Industry Semiconductors

$1k

$10k

$100k

$1M

$10M

Source: EPRI The Economics of Custom Power, IEEE T&D Show 2003

Losses per Voltage Sag Event

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Cost of Momentary Outages

Category Industrial Semiconductor Manufacturing Electronics Automobile Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Glass Rubber and Plastics Petrochemical Food Processing Textile Metal Fabrication Mining Paper Printing(Newspapers) Cost of Momentary Interuption ($/ kW Demand) Minimum Maximum $20.0 $8.0 $5.0 $5.0 $4.0 $3.0 $3.0 $3.0 $2.0 $2.0 $2.0 $1.5 $1.0 $2.0 $1.0 $0.5 $0.1 $60.0 $12.0 $7.5 $50.0 $6.0 $4.5 $5.0 $5.0 $4.0 $4.0 $4.0 $2.5 $2.0 $3.0 $10.0 $1.0 $0.5
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Momentary Outages create problems when computers and clocks reset, equipment stalls, and work stops.

Commercial Hospitals, banks, civil service Communications, information processing Resturants, bars, hotels Commercial shops

Source: EPRI The Economics of Custom Power, IEEE T&D 2003

Multilin 26-Sep-13

High Speed Waveform Capture

High Speed Waveform Capture Is the Most Important PQ 23 Troubleshooting Tool GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin 26-Sep-13

Benefits of Continuous PQ Monitoring

Power Quality monitoring provides a continuous Health Check of a facilitys power system for example:
o

Harmonic interaction between loads and power conditioning equipment spotted

High Inrush currents from equipment startup detected Transients from load switching are seen

It provides data to see, diagnose and avert looming problems like squeaky brakes on a car
o o

Trends can be detected JIT equipment maintenance programs can be established

It acts like a Black Box on an airplane to tell you what, when, and where a Power Quality event occurred to prevent it from reoccurring
24 Continuous PQ Monitoring Detects, Records, and Leads GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin to the Prevention of PQ Problems 26-Sep-13

What is needed for PQ Monitoring?

PQ Monitors must detect and record the 7 types of PQ problems Transients Interruptions Sag/Under Voltage Swell/Over Voltage Waveform Distortion Voltage Fluctuations Frequency Variations

Plus they must

Be easy to use Be Suitable for continuously monitoring indoors and outdoors Interface with standard PQ analysis SoftwarePQDif format Be fast enough to capture high speed events that produce equipment problems Have enough storage to save the waveforms you need Have PQ analysis tools that produce usable, actionable recommendations
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These include Flicker and Compliance to ITI(CBEMA), IEEE and ISO Standards

ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturers Association)

Multilin 26-Sep-13

Power & Power Quality Metering System

High Range PQ
Transients Flicker High Sampling Rate Utility Hardened Web Server Ladder Logic I/O EPM 9000 / 9800 Up to 512 samples / cycle Web server .02 accuracy Flicker and transients recording PQM II Power Quality parameters Data logging Control options

Mid Range PQ
Waveform Events/Alarms Data Logging I/Os

Basic Metering
50+ Parameters 0.3% Accuracy I/Os THD, F, PF..

EPM 6000 0.2 revenue class accuracy New Additions: THD and KYZ pulse option EPM 2000 Low cost panel mount Single P/N PL2000 EPM 1000 / EPM 4000 Wall/Panel mountable enclosure Power line carrier capability Modbus communication Multi-Point monitoring capability Energy Aggregator support

Sub Metering
Tenant Metering 10-20 Parameters .5 % Accuracy

Sub Meter

Basic Metering

Mid Range PQ

High Range P
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Basic PQ Monitoring to Advanced PQ Monitoring, Detection & Analysis

Multilin 26-Sep-13

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GE Power Quality Meters

High End PQ Meters
Power professionals world-wide rely on GEs products for their power monitoring and communication applications. GEs meters provide high speed waveform capture, advanced power quality, multiport communications and control.

PQMII

EPM9800

EPM9450/965 0
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Power Quality Meter PQM II

GE Product Application Product Features

PQM II

Power Quality

Waveform, Data Logging, I/Os

All basic electrical parameters Data logging and waveform Voltage disturbance analyzer

Analog outputs, digital inputs

Control relays and KYZ pulses Multiple communication ports Easy to program and set-up EnerVista Replaces multiple analog meters

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Power Quality Meter PQM II

Key Features
High accuracy, mid range Power Quality
with many advanced features.

Waveform capture using set-points for

PQ analysis. Waveform can be triggered by external equipment (motors) through digital inputs for capturing start-up current etc.

Control Relays can open and close at

the pre-programmed (min, max etc) setpoints for alarms and notifications.

Target Applications/Industries Ideal for circuit monitoring for control panels, switchboards, Motor Control Centers, Power Distribution Panels. Primary Monitoring of low and medium voltage application, requiring full metering with over 100 different electrical parameters with data logging and oscillograph (waveform). Applications requiring Control Relays with set-point activation, Analog and digital I/Os. Heavy power users for need of clean power - Data Centers, Pulp and Paper, Oil & Gas. OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers, Switchgear manufacturers, Motor Control manufacturers..

Analog outputs for power information to

PLCs, RTU and other non digital communication devices.

VERY EASY to use , program and setup comes with free set-up and monitoring software (launch pad). for electrical up to 500 sag & swell events

Voltage Disturbance Recording

Open Modbus and DNP 3.0 protocol over RS 485 with multi port
communication capability

29 Power Quality with Advanced Voltage Disturbance Recorder GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin 26-Sep-13

Advanced PQ Meter EPM 9000/9800

GE Product
9450

Application
Advanced Power Quality Metering Advanced Power Quality Metering with Flicker Socket Design - Advanced Power Quality Metering with Flicker

Product Features
512K Memory for Data-Logging, waveform; Measures all Electrical Values 2 or 4 Meg Memory for Data-Logging and Waveform capture 2 or 4 Meg Memory for Data-Logging and Waveform capture, local display

9650

9800

Advance Power Quality with Revenue Metering Highest Grade Revenue Accuracy - 0.06% Energy Advanced Waveform Recording and Analysis 512 samples /cycle Built Ethernet 100 Base T Total Web Solutions Advanced Control for Load Shedding and Demand Control

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Advanced PQ Meter EPM 9000/9800

Key Features: High Speed Waveform Recording - With up to 16 to 512 samples per cycle resolution. The unit records magnitude and duration of events including the captured waveform. All information is stored in the on-board mass memory. Software and Hardware Triggers - The meters provides both software and hardware triggers to record waveform events. This allows the unit to be used for fault analysis, system apparatus monitoring and many other applications. Extensive Harmonics Analysis This meter provides a real- time harmonic analysis to the 128th order for every channel. This advanced harmonic recording capability has been traditionally available only in high-end power quality recorders. Records THD to the 255th order peak. Real Time Phasor Analyzer - The unit monitors phase angles between the voltage and the currents. Web Server Capability Data from meters is viewable over the web. Data from the ModBus devices connected to the meter can also be viewed. Expandable I/O Modules for Analysis and Control

Target Applications/Industries: Primary Monitoring of low medium and high voltage application, requiring full metering, with data logging, controls and high speed oscillography (waveform). Remote monitoring over the web using web pages Applications requiring Control Relays with set-point activation, Analog and digital I/Os. Heavy power users for need of clean power - Data Centers, Microprocessor Chip Manufacturers Pulp and Paper, Oil & Gas. OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers, Switchgear manufacturers, Motor Control manufacturers..

Advance PQ Analysis with Revenue Class Accuracy

31 GE Consumer & Industrial

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Advanced PQ Meter EPM 9000/9800

Target Applications/Industries: Primary Monitoring of low medium and high voltage application, requiring full metering, with data logging, controls and high speed oscillography (waveform). Remote monitoring over the web using web pages Applications requiring Control Relays with setKey Features:
High Speed Waveform Recording - With up to 16 to 512 samples per cycle resolution. The unit records magnitude and duration of events including the captured waveform. All information is stored in the on-board mass memory. Software and Hardware Triggers - The meters provides both software and hardware triggers to record waveform events. This allows the unit to be used for fault analysis, system apparatus monitoring and many other applications. Extensive Harmonics Analysis This meter provides a real- time harmonic analysis to the 128th order for every channel. This advanced harmonic recording capability has been traditionally available only in highend power quality recorders. Records THD to the 255th order peak. Real Time Phasor Analyzer - The unit monitors phase angles between the voltage and the currents. Web Server Capability Data from meters is viewable over the web. Data from the ModBus devices connected to the meter can also be viewed.
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point activation, Analog and digital I/Os.

Heavy power users for need of clean power Data Centers, Microprocessor Chip Manufacturers Pulp and Paper, Oil & Gas. OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers, Switchgear manufacturers, Motor Control manufacturers..

Advance PQ Analysis with Revenue Class Accuracy Expandable I/O Modules for Analysis and Control

Multilin 26-Sep-13

Real Time Field Recorded Events

Source: AGA Brazil Meter: EPM9650

Period: Jan 2005 Dec 2005

Continuous Monitoring of the Station for PQ Problems33
GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin 26-Sep-13

PQ Meter ITI Capture

ITI Acceptable Power Disturbance Envelope Damage Inducing Voltage Surges as Recorded

Equipment Interrupting Voltage Sags as Recorded

ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturers Association)

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Instantaneous Sag Event

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Instantaneous Swell Event

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Harmonic & Interharmonic Spectrum

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Flicker Recording

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Flicker Recording

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Summary
GE Multilin provides the necessary tools for a successful PQ disturbance analysis and allows users to take remedial actions Symptoms
Feels the pulse of the power system network

Examinations Accurate Measurement to

determine actual state High resolution recordings for longer durations Diagnosis GE Communicator software

Remedy

Remedial actions

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Finally
If You Cant Measure it You Cant Manage it If You Can Measure it You Can Manage it

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