Cell Cycle and Reproduction

Cell Cycle
M phase cell division process G1 phase cell growth S phase DNA synthesis G2 phase accumulation of RNA and protein

Concepts
Time

of each phase? Mitosis vs. meiosis Equational division and reductional division Homologous pairing Cross over chromosomal variation

Would you choose asexual or sexual?

Asexual: No need for a partner to succeed in asexual reproduction. Large numbers; low variations Sexual: Requires a partner to succeed in sexual reproduction. Small numbers; high variations

Modes of Asexual Reproduction

1. 2. 3.

4.

Budding in yeast Binary fission in bacteria Sporulation in molds Stem cuttings and underground stems

Megasporogenesis

Pistil = stigma + style + ovary

Microsporogenesis

Stamen = anther + filament + pollen

Process of Pollination

Concepts
Double

fertilization produces the zygote and the endosperm Self-pollination vs. cross pollination Fruit = ovary; seed = ovuleDouble fertilization produces the zygote and the endosperm Self-pollination vs. cross pollination Fruit = ovary; seed = ovule

Human reproductive organ

Male: 1. Testes 2. Seminiferous tubules 3. Epididymis 4. Sperm = head + midpiece + tail 5. Seminal vesicle + prostrate + Cowpers gland

Female 1. Ovaries 2. Fallopian tubes 3. Uterus 4. Cervix 5. Vaginal tract

Human Male Reproductive Organs

Human Female Reproductive Organs

Fertilization and Development

Fertilization Cleavage Blastulation

Gastrulation
Neurulation Organogenesis Growth

Fertilization and Development

Extraembryonic membranes of the human embryo

Selection areas

Can humans be hermaphrodites?

Menstrual cycle
1. LH causes the release of the egg 2. FSH causes ovarian cells to form around the egg; promotes estrogen production 3. Estrogen causes thickening of the uterine lining 4. Progesteone maintains the uterine lining; transfroms the follicle in a corpus luteum; stops FSH prodn menarche (12) and menopause (45)

Birth Control Methods

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Abstinence Rhythm Withdrawal Spermicides (foam) Condom (with spermicides)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Diaphragm Contraceptive sponge Tubal ligation Birth control pills or injection Intrauterine devise or IUDs

Concepts
Libido Heterosexual

vs. non-heterosexual

behavior Impotence Sterility

Boy or girl?
1.

2. 3. 4.

5.
6.

X sperm slow but acid resistant while the Y sperm is fast but acid sensitive Orga(ni)sm changes the alkalinity Date of coitus Position at post coitus Diet of female Loading dose by male