TYPES OF FIBER

EVALUATION
100 Attenuation (dB/km) 50 20

First Window Early 1970s

10
5.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 1980s

Second Window

Third Window

0.2 0.1
600 800 1000 1400 1200 Wavelength (nm) 1600 1800

Mostly SM fiber is used long distance communication typically 5 Km

to 170 Km with out any problem MM fiber is only used for the low data rates and short distance

communication typically 100 meter to 1 Km

Distance of reach depends on so many parameters

Normal Single Mode Fiber

DSF (Dispersion shifted fiber) NZ-DSF ( dispersion shifted fiber ) DCF (Dispersion compensating fiber) LEAF (Larger effective area fiber) DFF (Dispersion Flattened Fiber)

Dispersion is zero at 1312 nm wavelength

At 1312 nm the losses in the fiber is high While Losses minimum at 1550 nm while the dispersion

parameter is +17 ps/nm/Km

Zero dispersion wavelength (nm) Cutoff wavelength (nm) Attenuation (dB/Km) Dispersion (ps/nm Km) PMD coefficient (ps/Km1/2) Mode field diameter (micro meter) Effective area (micro meter2)

Parameter at different wavelengths are

Attenuation slope (dB/Km/nm) Dispersion slope (ps/nm2 Km) Mode field diameter

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Attenuation only in fiber (dB/km) 1550 nm Attenuation vs. wavelength (dB/km) Max Delta from 1550nm value between Dispersion slope (ps/nm 2 -km) mean At 1550 (nm) Zero dispersion wavelength (nm) Dispersion (ps/nm.km) mean @1550nm (P or N) 1530 to 1565 nm 1565 to 1625 nm Mode field diameter (m) At 1550 nm Max Effective area (m2) Norminal Cutoff Wavelength (nm) PMD Coefficient (ps/km1/2), max mean, @1550 nm Effective Group Index of Refraction @ 1550 nm

0.25 0.05 (1525-1625 nm) 0.092 1310 or 1550 2.6 to 6.0 P 4.5 to 11.2 P 9.2 to 10 72 1247 0.08 1.469

G.650 Definition and test methods for the relevant parameters of single mode fibers
G.651 Characteristics of a 50/125 m multimode graded index optical fiber cable

G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable

G.653 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber cable.

G.654 Characteristics of a 1550 nm wavelength lossminimized single-mode optical fiber cable

G.655 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion singleoptical fiber cable. mode

 ITU-recommendation G.652 SMF has

Zero chromatic dispersion at 1310 High chromatic dispersion

(approx. 17ps/nm-km) at 1550nm

Advantage
Support WDM Low in cost

Disadvantage
Suitable only for short and medium distances Needs Dispersion Compensation modules

20

1530

1610

Dispersion (ps/ nm.Km)

10

1310

1550

nm

-10 EDFA Gain Spectrum

-20

ITU-recommendation G.653
Wave guide dispersion and material dispersion cancel out each other at 1310nm Same cancellation is used at 1550nm band

The reasons are principally:

Fiber attenuation is a lot lower in the 1550 nm band Erbium doped fiber amplifiers operate in this band

Done by increasing the waveguide dispersion

20

1530

1610

10 Dispersion (ps/ nm.Km)

1310
0 1550 NDSF -10 EDFA Gain Spectrum nm

-20

DSF

Advantage
Suitable for DWDM applications, with broad channel

spacing Dispersion compensation is required after long distances

Disadvantage
Not suitable for higher channel count Suffers from strong nonlinear effects

Unsuitable for narrow channel spacing, due to four wave

mixing

ITU-recommendation G.655
Low positive value of dispersion (4 ps/nm/km in the 1530-1610 nm band) Advantages

Minimizes unwanted effects Four-Wave-Mixing(FWM) More distance than SMF Not able to carry large optical power

Disadvantage

10

Dispersion (ps/ nm.Km)

1610
0

1530

1550 NZ-DSF

nm

-5 DSF

-10
EDFA Gain Spectrum NZ-DSF

Here dispersion over range from 1300 to 1700 is reduced i.e 3ps/nm/km Advantages

Very less dispersion change within EDFA spectrum Efficient for DWDM systems with less number of channels

Disadvantages

Extremely high attenuation (2dB/Km) Severe Four Wave Mixing problems

20

Dispersion (ps/ nm.Km)

10

1530

1550

1610

nm Dispersion Flattened DSF

-10

-20 EDFA Gain Spectrum

Fiber effective is increased to 72 to 80 micro meter2 from meter2 This type of fiber can carry large amount of the optical power Nonlinear interactions will be reduced Generally used in Undersea applications Disadvantage

50 micro

Difficult fiber design Cost is very high

Fiber Technologies
Fiber Type SMF NZDSF LEAF Properties Standard Reduced Dispersion Target Application Common WDM Long Haul Network Impact ----------------Reduced No. of Regenerators

Reduced Fiber Non Linearity

Eliminates Water Peak Reduced Negative Dispersion

WDM Long Haul

WDM Metro CWDM Metro, Regional

Reduced No. of regenerators

Increased No. of Usable & Low Cost Components Reduce DCMs & Regenerators

All-Wave

RNDF