Introduction to Optical Networking: From Wavelength Division Multiplexing to Passive Optical Networking

Dr. Manyalibo J. Matthews Optical Data Networking Research Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA

University of Tokyo Visit March 22, 2004

Evolution of Lucent and Matthews/Harris Lab:

T.Harris 1997 AT&T 1996

A.Harris 2000

M.Matthews

Lucent Uber Alles 2001

Lucent A la Carte

spectroscopy,NSOM,Confocaldevice physics network subsystems!

Akiyama
Quantum Wire Lasers

Tunable Lasers

Matthews
Telecom Lasers

Semiconductor Laser Device Physics

Outline
Introduction Overview of Optical Networking Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ethernet Passive Optical Networks Conclusions & Future
Types of Networks Fiber, Lasers, Receivers

Emergence of Optical Networks

Core/Backbone/LongHaul
Mesh Backbone Network

OLS 40/80G OLS 400G 800G/1.6T

Optical Line System

Regional Point of Presence Metro Edge Switch

C/DWDM

CO-1

Metro Edge Switch

C/DWDM

Access Node

Optical Cross Connect

CO-n

Metro Edge Switch

C/DWDM
eW DM

Local Service Node Metro DMX

Metro DMX

v ssi Pa

EPON node
s Pa e siv W DM

Regional/Metro

PON

Access/Enterprise
DSL, FTTH

Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) Long-Haul Optical Fiber Transmission System

Transmitter 1 Transmitter Transmitter 2 3

M U X
D E M U X

Receiver Receiver Receiver

Optical Amplifier

WDM Routers

Erbium/Raman Optical Amplifier

Categorizing Optical Networks

Who Uses it? Core/ LongHaul Metro/ Regional Access/ LocalLoop Phone Company, Govt(s) Phone Company, Big Business Small Business, Consumer Span (km) ~103 Bit Rate (bps) ~1011 (100s of Gbps) ~102 ~1010 (10s of Gbps) ~10 ~109 (56kbps - 1Gbps) Multiplexing DWDM/ TDM DWDM/ CWDM/ TDM TDM/ SCM/ Fiber SMF/ DCF SMF/ LWPF SMF/ MMF Laser EML/ DFB DFB Receiver APD

APD/ PIN

DFB/ FP

PIN

DWDM: CWDM: TDM: SCM: SMF: MMF: LWPF: DCF: EML: DFB: FP: APD: PIN:

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (<1nm spacing) Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (20nm spacing) Time Division Multiplexing (e.g. car traffic) Sub-Carrier Multiplexing (e.g. Radio/TV channels) Single-Mode Fiber (core~9m) Multi-Mode Fiber (core~50m) Low-Water-Peak Fiber Dispersion Compensating Fiber Externally modulated (DFB) laser Distributed Feedback Laser Fabry-Perot Laser Avalanche Photodiode p-i-n Photodiode

Optical Fiber Attributes

Attenuation: Due to Rayleigh scattering and chemical absorptions, the light intensity along a fiber decreases with distance. This optical loss is a function of wavelength (see plot). Different colors travel at different speeds down the optical fiber. This causes the light pulses to spread in time and limits data rates.

Dispersion:

launch

receive

Types of Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion is caused mainly by the wavelength dependence of the index of refraction (dominant in SM fibers) Modal Dispersion arises from the differences in group velocity between the modes travelling down the fiber (dominant in MM fibers)

t t t t

Non-Linear Effects in Fibers

Self-Phase Modulation: When the optical power of a pulse is very high, non-linear polarization terms contribute and change the refractive index, causing pulse spreading and delay. Same as SPM, except involving more than one WDM channel, causing cross-talk between channels as well. Non-linearity of fiber can cause mixing of nearby wavelengths causing interference in WDM systems. Acoustic Phonons create sidebands that can cause interference.

Cross-Phase Modulation:

Four-wave Mixing:

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering:

Attenuation/Loss in Optical Fiber

3.0 2.5

First Window

Second Window

ATTENUATION (dB/km)

2.0

1.5

Third Window

1.0

0.5

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

WAVELENGTH (nm)

850nm

1310nm

1550nm

First window, second window, third window correspond (roughly) to first, second and third generation optic network technology

First Window @ 850nm High loss; First-gen. semiconductor diodes (GaAs) Second Window @ 1310nm Lower Loss; good dispersion; second gen. InGaAsP Third Window @ 1550nm Lowest Loss; Erbium Amplification possible

Dispersion Characteristics*
3.0

Second Window

Third Window

DISPERSION COEFF, D (ps/km-nm)

-30

First Window

-60

-90

-120

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

WAVELENGTH (nm)

850nm

* Modal dispersion not included

1310nm 1550nm Standard SMF has zero dispersion at 1310nm Low Dispersion => Pulses dont spread in time Dispersion compensation needed at 1550nm Limits data transmission rate due to ISI (inter-symbol interference) Dispersion not so important at 850nm Loss usually dominates

Characterization of System Quality

Bit Error Rate: input known pattern of 1s and 0s and see how many are correctly recongnized at output. Eye Diagram: Measure openness of transmitted 1/0 pattern using scope triggered on each bit.

Eye opening

Effect of Dispersion and Attenuation on Bit Rate

30 20 Distance (km) 10 Coaxial cable Twisted Pair 0.1 1
Attenuation limited Dispersion limited

850nm

1310nm
o -m gle sin

Cat 3 Cat 5 limit limit

o -m lt i mu
x x

1550nm

e fib de

10 100 Bit rate (Mb/s)

For short reaches (1-2 km), all optics are Gigabit capable For longer reaches (~10 km), only 1310/1550 nm optics are Gigabit capable

de er fib
Cat 7 limit

1000

10,000

Technology Trends
850nm & 1310nm Preferred by high-volume, moderate performance data comm manufacturers

Reason? You need lots of them, they dont need to go far, and youre not using enough fiber ($) to justify wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), I.e. low-quality lasers are OK.

1310nm & 1550nm

Preferred by high performance but lower volume (today) telecomm manufacturers

Reason? You dont need lots, but they have to be good enough to transmit over long distances cost of fiber (and TDM) justifies WDM 1550nm is better for WDM

DFB vs. FP laser

Simple FP +
gain mirror

DFB +
gain

cleave

mirror Etched grating

AR coating

FP:

Multi-longitudinal Mode operation Large spectral width high output power Cheap

DFB:

Single-longitudinal Mode operation Narrow spectral width lower output power expensive

Fiber Bragg Grating External Cavity Laser for Access/Metro Networks

0
Optical Power (dBm)

Typical FBG-ECL:
gain HR AR Lensed tip FBG T=25C T=85C <1nm grating

(3dB) T=20Ctyp<0.5nm d/d 0.01nm/oC

-20

-40

-60

Bell Labs FBG-ECL:

XB region gain HR AR FBG T=25, 85C

-80 1309.0 1309.5 1310.0 1310.5 1311.0 1311.5 1312.0 Wavelength (nm)

?
1-2nm grating

SHOW PLOTS OF FBG-ECL DATA SHOW PICTURE OF XPONENTS EXTENDED REACH FP

(from Xponent Photonics, Inc.)

Fiber Bragg Grating External Cavity Laser

-20

FBG-ECL output

Typical FP output

-30

Power (dB)

Narrow FBG bandwith limits output ~1nm for extended reach or WDM applications. Simple design (AR-coated FP, XBR, butt-coupled FBG) Mode-hop free operation over 0-70C
1310 1315 1320 1325

-40

-50

-60

-70 1305

wavelength (nm)

Wavelength Stability of FBG-ECL

DFB drift ~ 0.1nm/oC
1311.0 1310.9

FP drift ~ 0.3nm/oC
ave dependence 0.008nm/C

Wavelength(nm)

1310.8 1310.7 1310.6 1310.5 1310.4 1310.3 20 30 40 50

o

CW, ~40mA bias

60

70

80

Temperature ( C)

Filter bandwidths of WDM Mux/Demux

0.8nm (100GHz)

DWDM: High channel count, narrow channel spacing Temp-stablized DFBs required Temp-stablized AWGs required (typically) 1480nm CWDM: Low channel count, large channel spacing Uncooled DFBs can be used Filters can be made athermal 1260nm xWDM?: Moderate channel count, moderate channel spacing FBG-ECL or Temp-stablized DFBs required Filters can be made athermal suitable for athermal WDM PON! 1480nm
18 channels (O,E,S,C,L) 3.2nm (400GHz) >100 channels (C+L+S) 20nm

1610nm

1610nm

32-64 channels (C+L+S)

1610nm

Example 1: 10Gbps Coarse WDM

-Used currently in Metro systems (rings, linear, mesh) -Spacing of CWDM grid determined by DFB wavelength drift -Current systems limited to 2.5Gbps due to cheaper optics -Possible upgrade to 10Gbps?

CWDM Lasers
16 uncooled, directly modulated CWDM lasers (DMLs) rated for 2.5 Gb/s direct modulation (cheap! - $350 a piece) NRZ-modulation at 10 Gb/s (careful laser mounting; no device selection)

2.5-Gb/s DML

50 line

47 chip resistor

CWDM System Improvement using Electronic Dispersion Compensation

Example 2: Ethernet Passive Optical Networks

Headend/CO
PSTN

Outside Plant

Homes/Businesses

Internet

PON

IP Video Services

NO Active Elements in Outside Plant Enable triple-play services Simple & cheap

Choices of PONs
Architecture/Layout
OLT ONU

Upstream Multiplexing
ONU ONU ONU

Linear Bus: lossy, fiber lean

OLT ONU

TDM: simple, cheap

ONU ONU ONU

Ring: lossy, protected

ONU OLT

WDM:simple, expensive
ONU ONU ONU

Simple or Cascaded Star: low loss

SCM: complex, expensive

OLT=Optical Line Termination (head-end) ONU=Optical Network Unit (user-end)

EPON Access Platform

premium access
Management Data
Business

DFB
EPON
10G Ethernet Or up to 6 1GbE

optical splitter 32 subscribers Per EPON . . . 12 EPONS

Metro Network

FP

Metro Edge

optical splitter
Broadcast Video VOD Voice/IP Services

Panther EPON OLT Chassis

1232 384 subscribers Dynamic bandwidth Guaranteed QOS
Residence

Note on Lasers: -Use DFB at headend (shared) -Use FP at Homes (not shared)

Lucent EPON ONU + Gateway Video/IP Television

Voice/IP POTS service High-speed data

ONU Design
PON 1.25G BM BiDi Xcvr SERDES (w/CDR) GigE uplink
watchdog1 watchdog0

CHILD BOARD
FPGA w/ Embedded Processor Packet memory

discovery EPON driver

Periodic Report generator

FPGA

CPU

EPON core Report Generator RX GMII TX Memory manager Queue manager

TX EPON MAC

Mux

Timesta CRC mp LLID

Packet Memory

Demux

RX

SERDE S & Optics

PARENT BOARD

Control Parser

Flash (CPU) memory

Serial Port

10/100bT diagnostic port

ONU

PON

OLT Design
watchdog1

GigE uplink

SERDES (w/CDR)

1.25G BM BiDi Xcvr

watchdog0 discovery Keepalive scheduler

EPON driver MPCP driver

FPGA w/ Embedded Processor Packet memory

EPON core MPCP core Grant List Gate Generator RX GMII TX TX EPON MAC RTT table Memory manager Queue manager RTT Processor Report processor Report table

Mux

Timesta CRC mp LLID

Packet Memory

Demux

RX

SERDE S & Optics

Control Parser

10/100bT diagnostic port

FPGA

CPU

Flash (CPU) memory Serial Port

EPON downstream/upstream traffic

Control Gates

Edge Router

OLT

2
1
1 2

O N U
3 2

Downstream: continuous, MAC addressed Uses Ethernet Framing and Line Coding Packets selected by MAC address QOS / Multicast support provided by Edge Router

3 2

O N U O N U O N U

O N U
3

Control Reports

Edge Router

OLT

3 3

1
2

2
3 3

Upstream: Some form of TDMA ONU sends Ethernet Frames in timeslots Must avoid timeslot collisions Must operate in burst-mode BW allocation easily mapped to timeslots

O N U

3 3

ONU: Optical Network Unit OLT: Optical Line Termination

PON TDMA BURSTMODE OPTICS

Because upstream transmissions must avoid collisions, each ONU must transmit only during allowed timeslot Transmitting 0s during quiet time is not allowed!
Average 0 power ~ -10 to 5 dBm Summing over 16 ONUs would result in a ~1dBm noise floor

Distinct from Bursty nature of Ethernet TRAFFIC

Ethernet transmitters never stop transmitting (Idle characters) CDR circuit at receiver stays locked even when no data is transmitted

Besides PONs, other systems use burstmode

Wireless Shared buses/backplanes Optical burst switched (OBS) systems

BURSTMODE TRANSMITTERS
Data Clock Tx FIFO Encoder Serializer Transmitter Physical Media

Prebias
Optical output

Driving LD below Threshold causes Jitter Off-state ~ -40dBm

1 0 off Ith

current

Modulation current

BURST-MODE RECEIVERS

Data Clock

Rx FIFO

Decoder

Deserializer

CDR

Limiting Amp

Receiver

Reset

PROBLEM OF FAST CDR LOCKING GAIN LEVELING & DYNAMIC RANGE OF OPTICAL RECEIVER

IMPACT ON EFFICIENCY
Cascaded PON
ONU 1 OLT 1:4 1:8

Upstream Bursts ONU 2 ONU 1

. . .

ONU 2

guardband

Throughput Efficiency
1.05 1 0.95 Utilisation 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7 0 1000 2000 3000 AGC+CDR+LASER ON/OFF (ns)
Our current situation Standar d GE transcei vers Burst-mode transceivers

Laser AGC CDR on settle lock

D M A C S M A C V L A N H L E N

Byte ONU1 payload Laser sync (Ethernet Frames) off

H F WC U D S D S A L L S H R I P P E C E A Z K G P T T Q K N GS E SM

O P C T L T S I F R H O E T I D F O K S N L P ST T SM

Data

C R C

Ethernet

IP

64 Bytes

TCP

~1460 Bytes

Conclusions
Optical Networking getting closer and closer to end user For Metro, CWDM is lowest cost solution, but must be improved to handle 10Gbps PON systems could deploy in mass over next 1-2 years, with EPON one of the leading standards Lasers dominate cost, therefore useful to study physics of low-cost laser structures! THANK YOU VERY MUCH! (Domo Arigato Gozaimashita!)

Spare Slides

SYSTEM PENALITIES in PONs

Attenuation in PONs dominated by power splitters:

loss = 10 log N + L + other.losses > 22dB

(For N=32, L=20km; typically ~ 24-26dB w/ connectors, splices, etc.)

Dispersion penalty for MLMs (Agrawal 1988)

ISI 14( BDL ) 2 < 2.8dB

(for worst case, D=6ps/nmkm, L=20km, B=1.25Gbps, =3nm

Typical p-i-n receivers w/ ~150nA current noise, 1.25Gbps, R~1 -27dBm (about 1 W) Typical 1310nm FP lasers 0dBm output power (about 1mW)

MODE PARTITION NOISE EFFECT

Mode Partition Noise is due to fluctuations in individual Fabry Perot modes coupled with optical fiber dispersion. Due to uncontrolled temperature and wavelength drift in FP diodes, d/dT ~ 0.3nm/oC, and D()~S0, the magnitude of this penalty will change with time. Due to lack of screening of FP mode partition coefficient, k, the magnitude of this penalty will also depend on particular FP!

D (ps/nm.km)

(nm)

Bit Rate and Reach Limits due to MPN

20 18 16

Reach (km)

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

k=0.5 k=0.7 k=0.9

Q~6.7 (BER 10-11) 2dB penalty

Power penalty due to MPN given by (Ogawa 1985):

2 ) mpn = 5 log(1 Q 2 mpn

mpn

k 2 = 1 e 2

L = ( DB )

k ln k 2 mpn
2.5 3.0

= BDL
Where k is the MPN coeficient, dependent on mode power correlations.

Bit Rate (Gbps)

Reach dependent on quality of laser (k factor) (another) Reason why asymmetry in PONs (e.g., 155/622Mbps) are favored GigE? Worst-case isnt quite fair statistical model shows most fiber-laser combinations, D<3ps/nmkm, k<0.5.

REDUCING MPN
Dispersion Compensation at OLT
Additional Loss, some cost One-size wont fit all, SMF 0 ~ 1300-1325nm

High-pass filtering using SOA

Low frequency MPN components are partially removed

Very low noise FP LD driver Replace FP w/ narrow-line source

DFB is current solution 1310nm VCSEL (high-power) Fiber Bragg Grating ECL also a possibility if cost/integration improves

Structure of WDM MUX/DEMUX (Arrayed Waveguide Grating)

Arrayed waveguides Star coupler

Input waveguides

Output waveguides

TM, y

P-doped v-SiO2 core B,P-doped v-SiO2

TE, x

} core layer

Thermal v-SiO2 (100) Si

Types of Lasers & Receivers used for Telecommunications