MARINE Electronics and

Instrumentation
Introduction
Administration
 Course content
 Class
 Class notes
 Assessment
 -Homework assignments and solutions
 Final Exam
 Labs
 Others : Collaborative work, attitude,
communication, learning through
variation and creativity and new ideas.
Variation

• We only learn because

of variation – when
something new or
different challenges our
pre-conceived ideas
• What we learn depends
on the variation we
have experienced
 Course Navigation
 Part One – Principle of - Electronics
and instrumentation
- Basic electricity and Electronics
- Ohms law and Kirchoff laws,
Superposition theorem and Electric
circuit
- Basic calculation on voltage,
current, resistance, impedance and
power
- Standards electric and electronics
symbols
- Capacitor, inductor, phase diagram
- Electronics components – Semi
conductor, junction diode,
transistor, IC
- Transducers, sensor and signal
conditioning
- Operational Amplifier, display
system, control and monitoring
system
 Part two – Application of Electronics
and Instrumentation to marine
systems.
- Classification ships instruments
- Navigation position finding –RADAR,
Echo sounder/ Sonar, Gyro Compass,
GPS / DGPS, GPS – Gyro, Speed log /
Doppler log
- Communication and safety – RDF, SSB,
GMDSS,IMASAT,AIS
- Rudder engine, status and
performance, integrated navigation
system
- - Principle of operation of RADAR,
Echo sounder/ Sonar, Gyro Compass,
GPS / DGPS, GPS – Gyro, Speed log /
Doppler log , LORAN-C, sonar
- Specification and selection of
instruments
- -Maintenance of instruments
Subject General Objective
Coverage: MAIN Objective

Basics electricity and electronics, voltage, current, resistance,

impedance and power calculations. Standard symbols in
electrical and electronic circuits, electronic components.
Principle of instrument,
Classification and usage of electronic instrumentation on board
ships

To introduction students to basic ofelectricity and electronics,

electrical and electronic symbols, Ohm law and basic
calculations involving voltages, currents and resistance,
electric charge and power calculations (DC, AC).and skill to
operate and maintain ship board electronics system safely.
This lecture
At the end of the lesson student will be
able to :
 Define electrical circuit terms
 Describe electrical circuit principle
 State Ohms law
 Apply Ohms law circuit law to solve
circuit problem in dc circuit
 Familiarize with electrical energy source
 Differentiate between AC and AC circuit
 Describe power and electrical circuit
 Solve problem to find power and
efficiency of electrical circuit
A. Terms of Electricity
Key Terms and Phrases
 Electric circuit
 battery - temperature coefficient of
resistance
 electrodes -Ohm's
law
 electromotive force -electric
power
 emf -kilowatt-hour (KWH)
 conventional current -Joule
heating
 electron current -direct current
(dc)
 ampere (amp) -alternating current
(ac)
 resistance -electric
 Terms of Electric Circuit
 All atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. The
protons, which have positive electrical charges, and the
neutrons, which have no electrical charge, are contained
within the nucleus.
 Removed from the nucleus are minute negatively charged
particles called electrons.
 All atoms are bound together by powerful forces of attraction
existing between the nucleus and its electrons.
 Electrons in the outer shell of an atom, however, are
attracted to their nucleus less powerfully than are electrons
whose shells are nearer the nucleus.

• Conductors are materials that contain electrons that are

loosely connected to the nucleus and can easily move
through the material from one atom to another.
• Insulators are materials whose electrons are held firmly to
their nucleus.
 The unit used to measure the quantity of electrical charge
Q is called the coulomb C where 1 coulomb = 6.24 x 1018
electrons quantity of electrical charge transferred
Terms of Electric Circuits

What is Electrical Current?

 Electrical current is the flow of
electrons through a conductor.
What is a Conductor?
• A material that allows electrons to flow
through it is a conductor.
• Wires are conductors.
• Electricity flows through a wire much
like water through a hose.
• Electricity flows through the human
body more like water through a sponge.
Terms of Electric Circuits

What is an Insulator?
 Insulators resist the flow of electricity.

 Glass, rubber, plastic, and dry wood are

insulators.
 What is Resistance?

 Resistance opposes electron flow.

 Electricity flows through any available

path, but more of it flows through the

path of least resistance.
Electric Circuit

What is an Electrical Circuit?

 Current flows in a loop or a circuit.

Circuits are AC or DC. AC is alternating

current. DC is direct current.
 DC current flows from NEGATIVE to

POSITIVE. Most AC current flows from

HOT to NEUTRAL.
 Most circuits in a typical home or

construction site are AC.

B. Principle of Electric Circuit
Electrical Principles
 The smallest particle of matter which
can exist in the free state is the
molecule.

 Molecules consist of atoms, which are

the smallest particles which can take
part in chemical reactions.

 Atoms consist of particles called:

protons, neutrons, electrons.
Electrical Principles

 The protons and neutrons form the

central nucleus of an atom around
which the electrons move in orbits.

 A proton and an electron carry equal

but opposite electrical charge.

 Neutron and atom as a whole are

electrically neutral.
Electrical Principles

 Eg. Cu Atom:29=2,8,18,1
 Electrons in the outermost
orbit of Cu can be easily
displaced
 A molecule which has lost
one or more electrons is
called an ion and carries a +29
positive charge
 A molecule which has
gained one or more
electrons is a negatively
charged ion
Electrical Principles

 Materials which have electrons which

can easily be moved are called
conductors, e.g. Cu, Al, Ag, Au.

 Materials which have electrons which

are difficult to move are called
insulators, e.g. glass, plastic, air etc.
Electrical Principles

 An electric current is a flow of

electrons along a conductor
produced by difference of electrical
pressure between its ends

 Electrons flow from negative to

+
positive potential.
-
 Conventional current flow is from
positive to negative.

 The opposition to flow experienced

by the electrons is called
resistance.
Electrical Principles

 Unit of quantity of electricity (charge)

is the coulombs (C), 1C = 6.29 x 1018
electrons.

 Unit of current is the amperes (A),

equal to a rate of flow of 1
coulomb/second.

 Unit of potential difference is the volt

(V).

 Unit of resistance is the ohm ( ).

The Electrical Circuit

 An electric circuit is a system consisting of

conductors connected to components
which use electron flow for their operation.
 A circuit must form a closed path for the
electron flow.
 The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a source
in an electrical circuit is force in volts
provided by the source to move the
electrons around the circuit.
 The e.m.f. is produced by chemical action
in a battery or conversion of mechanical
energy in a generator.
 The electrical “force gradient” over any
part of a circuit is called the potential
difference (p.d.).
The Electrical Circuit

 Ohm’s Law:
“A current passing through a wire at const
temperature is proportional to the potential
difference between its ends.”
i.e. I = V/R, 
I is current in amps, V is potential
difference in volts, R is resistance in ohms
 The resistance of a conductor depends
upon the material is proportional to its
length and inversely proportional to its
cross-sectional area.
C. Components Electric Circuit
Components Electric Circuit
A simple AC circuit has five parts:
2. electrical SOURCE;
3. HOT wire that sends electricity;
4. CONSUMING DEVICE – a tool, appliance, or
light that is powered by electricity;
5. NEUTRAL wire that returns electricity, and
6. ‘earth’ or GROUND.
 When a circuit works right, current flows
through the HOT wire to the CONSUMING
DEVICE.
 It then returns to the SOURCE through the
NEUTRAL wire. When something goes
wrong with a circuit, it is called a faulted
circuit – or electrical fault.
D. Power Source
Characteristics of Power Systems fo

 “Main Supply” of power – energy source must

be carried on board; has to last days, months,
years.
 Weight and volume constraints *may* be
significantly reduced compared to terrestrial
and esp. aeronautical applications.
 Reliability and safety critical due to ocean
environment.
 Capital cost, operating costs, life cycle
analysis, emissions are significant in design,
due to large scale.
Energy Source

 Fuel Engines
 –Characteristics of typical fuels; combustion
 –Internal combustion engines
 –Braytoncycle (gas turbine) engines

 Batteries and Fuel Cells

 –Electrochemical processes at work
 –Canonical battery technologies
 –Fuel cell characteristics

 Others : Nuclear power sources, renewable energy, emissions,

green manufacturing, primary batteries, generators … !
Electrochemical process
 Engines transform chemical
energy into heat energy into
mechanical or kinetic energy.

 1 MegaJouleis:
 1 kNforce applied over 1 km;
 1 Kelvin heating for 1000 kg air;
 1 Kelvin heating for 240 kg
water;
 10 Amperes flowing for 1000
seconds at 100 Volts
ICE
Four-stroke engine:1: TDC to BDC, bring air into cylinder
2: BDC to TDC, compress air
ADD FUEL and IGNITE!
3: TDC to BDC, expand heated air (power stroke)
4: BDC to TDC, blow out products of combustion
Diesel engine
Steam engine
Gas Turbine
LM2500 Specifications -Quoted

 “ Output: 33,600 shaft horsepower (shp)

 Specific Fuel Consumption: 0.373 lbs/shp-hr
 Thermal Efficiency: 37%
 Heat Rate: 6,860 Btu/shp-hr
 Exhaust Gas Flow: 155 lbs/sec
 Exhaust Gas Temperature: 1,051°F
 Weight: 10,300 lbs
 Length: 6,52 meters (m)
 Height: 2.04 m
 Average performance, 60 hertz, 59°F, sea level,
60%
 relative humidity, no inlet/exhaust losses, liquid
fuel,
http://www.geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/marine/marine_200351.html
 LHV=18,400 Btu/lb ”
The Electric Battery
 A BATTERY is a source
of electric energy.
 A simple battery
contains two dissimilar
metals, called
ELECTRODES, and a
solution called the
ELECTROLYTE, in which
the electrodes are

partially
immersed.
 The Electric Battery
 An example of a simple battery
would be one in which zinc and
carbon are used as the electrodes,
while a dilute acid, such as sulfuric
acid (dilute), acts as the electrolyte.
 The acid dissolves the zinc and
causes zinc ions to leave the
electrode.
 Each zinc ion which enters the
electrolyte leaves two electrons on
the zinc plate.
 The carbon electrode also dissolves
but at a slower rate.
 The result is a difference in potential
between the two electrodes.
 The Dry Cell
•The Dry cell is relatively inexpensive
and quite portable.
•It has many uses such as in flashlights
and radios.
•The anode consists of a Zinc can in
contact with a moist paste of ZnCl2 and
NH4Cl.

•A carbon rod surrounded by MnO2 and

filler is the cathode.
•The cell reaction appears to vary with
the rate of discharge, but at low power
the probable reactions are as follows:
 Lead Storage Cell

The basic features of the lead

storage cell are electrodes of lead
and lead dioxide, dipping into
concentrated sulfuric acid

Both electrode reactions produce lead sulfate, which adheres to the

electrode.
When the cell discharges -> sulfuric acid is used up and water is
produced.
The state of the cell can be determined by measuring the density of
the electrolyte solution (the density of water is about 70% that of the
sulfuric acid solution).
Lead Storage Cell
Discharge capacity

Nominal discharge rate C is capacity of battery in

Ah, divided by one hour (typical).

Some variation of shapes among battery

technologies, e.g., lithium lines more sloped.
Comparison of Battery
Performance for Mobile
Applications

* Lithium primary cells can reach 2.90

MJ/l
Electric Current

 An electric CURRENT exists

whenever electric charge
flows through a region,
e.g., a simple light bulb
circuit.
 The magnitude of the
current is measured in
AMPERES (Amps/A), where
 1 ampere =
1coulomb/second
 I = ∆Q/ ∆ t.
Example

 Calculate the quantity of electrical for an

electric al system current of 4 a for 30
second.
 Fuel Cell

 Electrochemical conversion like a battery, but

the fuel cell is defined as having a continuous
supply of fuel.
 At anode, electrons are released:
 At cathode, electrons are absorbed:
Fuel Cell Issues

 High sensitivity to impurities: e.g., PEMFC is

permanently poisoned by 1ppb sulfide.
 Weight cost of storage of H2 in metal hydrides
is 66:1; as compressed gas: 16:1.
 Oxidant storage: as low as 0.25:1
 Reformation of H2 from other fuels is complex
and weight inefficient: e.g., Genesis 20L
Reformer supplies H2 at ~ 0.05 kW/kg
 Ability of FC to change load rapidly.
 Typical Overall Performance Today: 0.025
kW/kg, 0.016 kW/l
Storage system
State of the Art
 Gas turbines for large naval vessels due to
extremely high power density, and the high
thermal energy content of traditional fuels
 •Li-based batteries now available at
~0.65MJ/kg (180kWh/kg); gold standard in
consumer electronics and in autonomous
marine vehicles
 •Fuel cells are still power-sparse and costly
for most mobile applications, but continue to
be developed. More suitable are power
generation plants in remote locations.
E. DC and AC Current
CONVENTIONAL CURRENT vs ELECTRON
CURRENT
 The direction of
CONVENTIONAL CURRENT
is in the direction in which
positive charge flows.
 In gases and liquids both
positive and negative ions
move. Only negative
charges, i.e., electrons,
move through solids and
this is referred to as
ELECTRON CURRENT.
 For historical reasons,
conventional current is
used in referring to the
direction of electric charge
flow.
 Ohm`s Law
 The magnitude of the electric current that flows through a
closed circuit depends directly on the voltage between
the battery terminals and inversely to the circuit
resistance.

 The relationship that connects current, voltage and

resistance is known as OHM'S LAW and is written as
follows:

I = V/R or V = IR

 The current is measured in amperes, the

voltage in volts and the resistance in ohms
(Ω).
Example 2

 A cable of calculate the current of a a heater

having a resistance of 30K Ohm when it is
supplied from 480 volt ?
DC and AC Current
 In a DIRECT CURRENT (dc) circuit the current flows in one
direction only.

 In an ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac) circuit the direction of

current flow through the circuit changes at a particular
frequency (f).

 The frequency used in Malaysia and on the ship is 60

cycles per second or 60Hz.
DC and AC Current
Alternating Current
 The emf produced by an ac ELECTRIC GENERATOR is
SINUSOIDAL.
 The current produced in a closed circuit connected to
the generator is also sinusoidal.
 The equations for the voltage and current are as follows:

Vo is referred to as the peak voltage

f = 60 Hz in is used in Malaysia and on the
ship
Io = Vo /R is referred to as the peak current
Alternating Current
 Since the current oscillates between positive and
negative values, the average current in an AC circuit is
ZERO.
 Electrons do move back and forth in the circuit so heat
and power are produced
 The power delivered to a resistor at any instant is:

Since sin2 2Πft varies between 0

and 1, its average value is 1/2.
Thus the average power
developed is equal to the dotted
line in figure 18-15
F. Electric Power
Electric Power
 Work is required to transfer
charge through an electric
circuit.
 The work required depends
on the amount of charge
transferred through the
circuit and the potential
difference between the
terminals of the battery:
W = QV.
 The rate at which work is
done to maintain an
electric current in a circuit
is termed ELECTRIC
POWER
Electric Power
 ELECTRIC POWER equals the product of the current
I and the potential difference V, i.e., P = IV.
 The SI unit of power is the watt (W), where

1 W = 1 J/s.
 The kilowatt is a commonly used unit where
1 kilowatt = 1000 watts.
 The electric energy produced by the source of emf
is dissipated in the circuit in the form of heat.
 The kilowatt hour (kWh) is commonly used to
represent electric energy production and
consumption where
1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J.
Electric Power
 In a circuit of resistance R,
the rate at which electrical
energy is converted to heat
energy is given by:
P = IV but V = IR, then P = I(IR)
=I2R
where I2R is known as JOULE
HEATING.
 An alternate formula for
power can be written, since I
= V/R, then P = IV = (V/R)V =
V2 /R
 P=V2 /R= I2R are power
formulas which apply only to
resistors
 P = IV Applies to any device
Example 3
 What is the power required dissipated in an
electric cooker carrying current of 3A when
connected across 240V Supply.
Electrical Safety
What is a Faulted Circuit?
In a faulted circuit or electrical fault, current follows the
wrong path and bypasses the normal load. This happens
in one of two ways.
 
1. Short Circuit
 Two HOT wires or a HOT wire and a NEUTRAL wire
touch.
 The current then bypasses the tool.
 Short circuits cause shocks and damage equipment.
 They make excess heat that can start fires.
 With a short circuit, a tool usually will not work.

2. Ground Fault
 The HOT wire touches an outlet or tool casing.
 The outlet or tool may keep working until something
– like a person touches it – creating multiple paths
to GROUND.
 Ground faults cause shocks.
What are the Harmful Effects of Electricity?

 Shock
 Shock can cause electrocution. Or it may cause a physical
reaction that results in Current flowing through your chest,
neck, head, or major nerves can stop your breathing. Current
through the heart can make it beat out of rhythm or stop.
 Burns
 Burns may accompany shock. Your body is not a good
conductor. So there is resistance to current flow. That
resistance turns into heat. Electricity can ‘cook’ internal
organs or cause internal bleeding. Internal effects may
happen days later.
 Fires
 Heat from electricity can ignite fires. Bad insulation or loose
connections cause electrical fires.
 Explosions
 Explosions are fires that burn very fast. Bad insulation,
overloaded circuits, or sparking at switch contacts can ignite
explosive mixtures in air.
How Do We Work Safely with Electricity?

At a minimum, employers must follow

the Electrical Standards

 These standards provide protection for

using temporary wiring in construction.

 The regulations standards include three

protective methods: 
 electrical isolation
 grounding, and
 circuit interruption
What is Electrical Isolation?
 We isolate electricity by keeping it
away from ourselves or our
workplaces.
 To isolate electricity, we do one or
more of the following:
 Insulate the wires.
 Isolate the wires in enclosures.
 Elevate the wires.
 Bury the wires.
 Cover the wires.
What is Grounding?
 Grounding is a separate, low resistance
pathway for electricity when it does not
follow normal flow from HOT to
NEUTRAL.
 Grounding won’t work if your resistance
is less than the GROUND path. For
example:
 If you’re holding a metal pipe that goes
directly to GROUND,
 If you’re standing in water, or
 If your tool doesn’t have a GROUND
connection.
What is Circuit Interruption?
 The last method of electrical protection
required is by circuit interruption.
 For electricity to flow, it must complete
a loop or a circuit.
 Circuit interrupters break the loop,
opening the circuit, so the electricity
does not flow.
 Circuit breakers or fuses for wiring and
equipment protection and
 Ground Fault Protection for shock
protection.
Circuit Measurement
References
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engine. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall.
 •Osaka, T. and M. Datta, eds. 2000. Energy storage systems for electronics.
Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach.
 •Baumeister, T., E.A. Avallone, and T. BaumeisterIII, eds. 1987. Marks’ Standard
Handbook for Mechanical Engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill.
 •Berndt, D., 1993. Maintenance-free batteries. New York: Wiley.
 •Giampaolo, T. 1997. The gas turbine handbook: Principles and
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 •Dhameja, S. 2001. Electric vehicle battery systems. Boston: Newnes.
 •Larminie, J. and A. Dicks 2003. Fuel cell systems explained. West Sussex, UK:
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 •Thring, R.H., ed. 2004. Fuel cells for automotive applications. New York: ASME
Press.
 •Boonstra, H., G. Wuersig, and K.O. Skjolsvik2005. “Fuel Cell Technology in
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 •Rutherford, K. and D. Doerffel2005. Performance of Lithium-Polymer Cells at
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“Modeling Hybrid Energy Systems for Use in AUV’s” Proc. Unmanned
UntetheredSubmersible Technology.
Summary

 Terms of electricity
 Principle of electricity
 Components of electrical circuit
 Ohm law
 Differences AC and DC Circuit
 Power and energy in electrical circuit
 Electric power sources
 Electrical safety