Bluetooth

By Kanade D G

What is Bluetooth?
A cable-replacement technology. Radio interface enabling electronic devices to communicate wirelessly via short range (10 meters) ad-hoc radio connections. A Bluetooth-enabled device communicates with another Bluetooth-enabled device over the radio medium to exchange information or transfer data.

About.
Harald Bluetooth : 10th century Danish King, managed to unite Denmark and Norway. Developed in 1994 by the Swedish company Ericsson to enable laptops make calls over mobile phones Also known as 802.15, it employs the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band, the same as 802.11b wireless, but does not interfere with it Provides data rates of up to 720 Kbps
Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) :
Founded in 1998 by : Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Toshiba and Nokia Released version 1.0 in July 1999 and version 1.1 was released in 2001.

Salient Features of Bluetooth

Low cost technology
Power consumption is also very low.

Uses ISM frequency band

No approval required for using it.

It caters to short ranges Based on open standard

Formulated by consortium of industries

Applications
PC Laptop Digital Camera PDA Mobile Phone Pager Mp3 Player Headset Keyboard Mouse LCD Projector

Bluetooth System Specification

Frequency of operation: ISM band
frequency range 2400 MHz to 2483.5MHz. Total 79 channels. Each packet is sent in different channel.

Uses frequency hopping

Nominal frequency hope rate is 1600 per second. Though radio design becomes complex, provides secure communication.

Modulation: GFSK is used as modulation technique.

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Operating Range: Three classes of devices are defined in Bluetooth specifications

Class 1:-Transmits 100 mW and range is 100 mtrs. Class 2:-Transmits 10 mW and range is 50 mtrs. Class 3:-Transmits 1 mW and range is 10 mtrs.

Most of the commercially available devices transmits 1 milliwatt and hence a range of 10 meters.

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Services supported: Both voice and data services supported by Bluetooth devices. Voice:-Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO)
Circuit switching operation

Data:-Asynchronous Connection Less (ACL)

Packet switching operation

Two types of voice coding are defined in specifications

PCM based on G.711 std. at 64 Kbps Continuous Variable Slope Delta Modulation (CVSD) at 64 Kbps

There is no retransmission of voice packets if lost or received in error.

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Services supported(continued..): For data services
Receiving device acknowledges or reports Packets received in error retransmitted. No acknowledgement in Broadcast mode

Data rates: Support three synchronous voice channels and one asynchronous data channel.
For voice communication 64 Kbps data rates in both directions For asynchronous links two types of channel asymmetric and symmetric Asymmetric:- 723.2 Kbps and 57.6 Kbps Symmetric:- 433.9 Kbps

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Network Topology : Piconet:- A set of devices form a PAN called Piconet

One master and one or more slave Any device can be master or slave Each Piconet has one master and up to 7 simultaneous slaves
Master : device that initiates a data exchange. Slave : device that responds to the master

S
SB

SB
S

S=Slave SB=Standby

M=Master P=Parked

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Piconet: In addition to active slave devices, Piconet can contain many slaves that are in parked mode.
are synchronized but they are not active on channel.

Master and Slave uses Time Division Duplex(TDD). Piconet with one Master and one Slave
uses point-to-point communication.

Piconet with one Master and multiple Slaves

uses point-to-multipoint communication.

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Scatternet: Scatternet is formed by number of Piconets In this Scatternet , each Piconet will have a Master and number of Slaves. The Master of Piconet can be Slave of another Piconet

P S M

S SB

P
M

SB

S P S SB

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Communication Between Master and Slave: The Master and Slave communicate in the form of Packets. Each Packet is transmitted in the Time-slot. Each Time-slot is of 625 microseconds duration. These Time-slots are numbered 0-to-227-1. Master:-Transmits in even slots Slave :-sends packets in odd numbered slot. A packet occupies one time slot, may extend up to five. If the Master starts the transmission in slot 0 using frequency f1 , the slave transmits in slot 1 using frequency f2.

Connection Establishment States

Master (1) ID packet (Broadcast) Standby Inquiry Inquiry scan

Slave
Standby

(2) FHS packet Page

Inquiry response

Page scan Master response

(4) ID packet

Slave response

(6) ID packet Connection (7) ID packet Connection

Connection Establishment States (Continued)

The two major states are STANDBY not part of a Piconet and

CONNECTION
device is part of a Piconet.

To form a Piconet the master transmits an ID packet over 32 of the 79 channels. Devices in the STANDBY state periodically scan for this packet. If it hears it, the device sends its address and timing info to the master. The device then waits for the master to page it. When the master is satisfied that it has identified all the devices in its range it starts to form the Piconet.

Connection Establishment States (Continued)

It pages each device with its own device access code (DAC) using a frequency hopping sequence based on the slaves address. When the slave hears this it sends a confirmation packet. On the next slot the master sends the slave the master DAC. The slave then enters the CONNECTION state. The master does this for all the slaves in the Piconet then it enters the CONNECTION state itself.

Connection Establishment States (Continued.)

The connection can be put in one of the state

Hold Mode
In this mode the device will stop receiving the data traffic for a specific amount of time so that other devices in the Piconet can use channel. After the expiry of the specific time the will start listening again.

Sniff Mode
In the sniff mode slave is instructed to listens only S slots every T slots for a period of N slots and not all packets.

Park Mode
When the device only listens to beacon signal from Master occasionally and synchronizes with Master and does not do anything.

Bluetooth Addressing
Each Bluetooth module is given 48 bit address containing three fields
LAP(Lower Addrs Part):-24 bits UAP(Upper Addrs Part):-8 bits Non-significance Addrs. Part:-16 bits This Address is assigned by each manufacturer and consists of company ID and company assigned number. This address is unique to every Bluetooth device and referred to as BD-ADDR.

Bluetooth Addressing( Continued)

Each active member in the Piconet will have a 3 bit address. Parked members also need to have addresses so that master can make them active and exchange packets.

Parked member address is either BD_ADDR(48 Bits) or PM_ADDR(8Bits).

Bluetooth Addressing( Continued)

BD_ADDR 48 bit Bluetooth device address (IEEE802 standard). It is divided into LAP (Lower Address Part of 24 bits), UAP (Upper Address Part of 8 bits) and NAP (Non-significant Address Part of 16 bits).

AM_ADDR

3 bit active member address. The all zero AM_ADDR is for broadcast messages

PM_ADDR

8-bit member address that is assigned to parked slaves.

AR_ADDR

The access request address is used by the parked slave to determine the slave-to-master half slot in the access window it is allowed to send access messages.

Bluetooth Profiles
For interoperatibility between devices manufactured by different vendors,
Bluetooth SIG released Bluetooth Profiles which defines the precise characteristics and protocols supported by these devices.

Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) Audio Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) Basic Imaging Profile (BIP) Basic Printing Profile (BPP) Cordless Telephony Profile (CTP) Dial-up Networking Profile (DUNP) Fax Profile (FAX) File Transfer Profile (FTP) Generic Access Profile (GAP) Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP) Hardcopy Cable Replacement Profile (HCRP)

Bluetooth Profiles(Continued)
Hands-Free Profile (HFP) Human Interface Device Profile (HID) Headset Profile (HSP) Intercom Profile (IP) LAN Access Profile (LAP) Object Push Profile (OPP) Personal Area Networking Profile (PAN) SIM Access Profile (SAP) Service Discovery Application Profile (SDAP) Synchronization Profile (SP): used to synchronise the device with a personal information manager (or PIM for short). Serial Port Profile (SPP)

Bluetooth Protocol Architecture

SDP RFCOMM TCS Audio

LMP

L2CAP

Voice

ACL

SCO

Baseband and RF

Baseband and RF
Establishes Links between devices
ACL for data SCO for voice

Addressing and managing different states of Bluetooth devices. RF portion provides radio interface.

Link Manager Protocol(LMP)

LMP is used to set up and control links The three layers RF, Link controller, Link manager will be on Bluetooth module attached to the device. The link manager on one device exchange messages with link manager on the other. Link messages have higher priority compared to data and not sent to higher layer. Link messages are sent in single slot packets with header of one byte.

Functions of LMP
Authentication
Challenge -Response Scheme

Encryption Clock offset request

Used for synchronization

Timing accuracy information request

Used for synchronization by Master

LMP version number

Ensures both devises use same LMP version.

Type of packet supported

LMP feature request and response

Switching master/slave role Name request

248 bit max (ASCII)

Detach
Close connection

Functions of LMP(continued)
Hold mode
Power saving when there is no data to send

Park mode
Synchronized with master but no data exchange

Power Control
Request to increase or decrease power ,specially class 1 devices

Quality of service parameters exchange

No. of repetition of broadcast packets, delay & B.W. allocation

Request SCO links

To request SCO link after ACL link is established

Multi slot packet control

To control the procedure when data is sent in consecutive packets
LMP_max_slot , LMP_max_slot_req

Link supervision
Monitors link when device goes out of range

Connection Establishment
LMP_host_connection_req LMP_accepted LMP_not_accepted
LMP_setup_complete

Logical Link Control and Adaption Protocol (L2CAP)

Runs above baseband and carries out data link layer functionality. Used only for ACL Data packets can be up to 64 Kbytes long. Runs on hosts When L2CAP messages are exchanged between two devices, it assumes that ACL is already established. Does not do any checksum calculation. Does not support SCO for voice communication Does not support multicasting.

L2CAP (Continued)
Functions of L2CAP
Protocol multiplexing
Passing packet received by L2CAP to higher layers

Segmentation and reassembly

Larger baseband packets need to be segmented in to small

Quality of service
L2CAP sends connection request and QoS request message from application programs thru higher layers. Receives responses for these request from lower layers
Connection indication Connection confirmation Connect confirmation negative Connect confirmation pending Disconnection pending Disconnect confirmation Timeout indication Quality of service violation indication

Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)

Service Discovery protocol
It provides the Bluetooth environment The capability to create ad hoc networks.

Used for discovering the services offered by device. SDP Services: A device can search for the service needed by it in the Piconet Can discover service based on a class of services Browsing of services Discovery of new services when device enters in the radio range of other device. Mechanism to find out when the service becomes unavailable when it goes out of the range.

SDP Services (Continued)

SDP Services: The details of services such as classes of services and the attributes of services To discover services on another device without consulting third device.

SDP Services (Continued)

Procedure : SDP client and server exchange SDP messages.

SDP client sends SDP request to server thru application software. Server and client can be any two devices
Server is the device which can provide the service being requested. Server maintains list of service records Each record is identified by 32 bit number

Service record will have number of attributes

Service class Id protocol description list Provider name ICON URL Service name and service description Each attribute will have two components:-ID and value

Procedure for Obtaining Service

Procedure for obtaining service:Laptop(Client)
Service Search Request
Service attribute Request , Protocol descriptor list

Printer(Server)
Print Service class ID

Service search response

Asking for the details of service

Response

Print Command

Print Desired Document

RFCOMM
RFCOMM is transport protocol to emulate serial communication (RS 232 serial port) over L2CAP. Through RFCOMM, two devices can communicate using serial communication protocol over Bluetooth.
Uses 9 signals of RS-232.

RFCOMM is derived from the GSM Support two types of devices

Type1:-communication end points such as PC ,Printer Type2:-part of communication segment such as Modem

Telephony Control Protocol Specifications (TCS)

SCO links are not handled by L2CAP But L2CAP handles the signaling required to establish voice connections thru TCS. Based on ITU std. Q.931 TCS messages are exchanged between devices to establish and release connection. Provides supplementary services such as calling line identification

TCS

Host Control Interface (HCI)

Used to Bluetooth enable a laptop or a PC
by connecting small device to USB port of laptop and run protocol stack on laptop(called host).

The Host Control interface provides std. interface between Bluetooth module and host software. Then Bluetooth device will have two parts
A module implementing the lower layers(LMP and below) The software module runs on laptop

Baseband Packets
The Bluetooth general packet format is comprised of three parts: Access Code, Header, and Payload
Access Code
LSB 72 bits

Header
54 bits

Pay Load
0-2745 bits MSB

Access Code
Can be 68 or 72 bits wide, depending on whether a packet header follows or not Used for synchronization, DC offset compensation, and identification
Preamble
LSB 4 bits

Sync Word
64 bits

Trailer
4 bits MSB

Baseband Packets
There are three categories of Access Codes:
Channel Access Code (CAC): Defines a Piconet Device Access Code (DAC): Used for paging Inquiry Access Code (IAC): There are two variations General (GIAC) and Dedicated (DIAC), the latter is used only in identifying Bluetooth devices sharing a common characteristic

Payload data is dependent on the Bluetooth application (voice, data, ) The Packet Header consists Link Control (LC) and is comprised of 6 fields:
LSB 3 4 1 1 1 8 MSB

AM_ADDR

Type

FLOW ARQN SEQN

HEC

Baseband Packets
The 6 fields are as follows: AM_ADDR is a 3-bit active member address used to distinguish between the active members of a Piconet
Type is a 4-bit type code used to distinguish between one of 16 different packet types, such as ID Packet, POLL packet, or NULL Packet. Flow is a bit used for flow control over ACL. When the receiver buffer is full, a STOP indication is returned by means of FLOW = 0 to prevent further transmission

Baseband Packets
ARQN is the acknowledgement bit for CRCed packets SEQN provided sequencing for multiple data packets HEC is the Header Error Check used to verify header integrity

Thank You