Fluid Flow Measurement

Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. Flow can be measured in a variety of ways. Positive-displacement flow meters accumulate a fixed volume of fluid and then count the number of times the volume is filled to measure flow. Other flow measurement methods rely on forces produced by the flowing stream as it overcomes a known constriction, to indirectly calculate flow. Flow may be measured by measuring the velocity of fluid over a known area.

Fluid Flow Measurement

Classification of flow rate measurements Volume flow Industrial process control Heat transfer and cooling Mass flow Industrial process control Fluid velocity Experimental study of flow phenomena Flow visualization Image of overall flow field
L=length m=mass t=time p=mass density of fluid

Bernoulli's Equation

The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids. BE is named after the Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli who published his principle in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.

Bernoulli's Equation
The Bernoulli equation states that,

where

points 1 and 2 lie on a streamline, the fluid has constant density, the flow is steady, and there is no friction.

Bernoulli equation can give great insight into the balance between pressure, velocity and elevation.

Bernoulli's Equation
Where:

Dynamic/velocity pressure
The piezometric head or hydraulic head (the sum of the elevation z and the pressure head) The total pressure (the sum of the static pressure p and dynamic pressure q)

Bernoulli's Equation

The constant in the Bernoulli equation can be normalised. A common approach is in terms of total head or energy head H:

Bernoulli's Equation

Bernoulli effect`:

It is the decrease in pressure as the velocity of a fluid increases.

FLOW METERS
There are many hundreds of types of flow meters depending on the make and application. They may be classified roughly as follows. 1. POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT TYPES

2.INFERENTIAL TYPES
3. VARIABLE AREA TYPES

4.DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TYPES

1.POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT TYPES

These types have a mechanical element that makes the shaft of the meter rotate once for an exact known quantity of fluid. The quantity of fluid hence depends on the number of revolutions of the meter shaft and the flow rate depends upon the speed of rotation. Both the revolutions and speed may be measured with mechanical or electronic devices. Some of the most common listed below. Rotary piston type. Vane type.

Lobe type or meshing rotor.

Reciprocating piston type Fluted spiral gear.

2.INFERENTIAL TYPE METERS

The flow of the fluid is inferred from some effect produced by the flow. Usually this is a rotor which is made to spin and the speed of the rotor is sensed mechanically or electronically. The main types are : Turbine rotor types Rotary shunt types

Rotating vane types

Helical turbine types

3.VARIABLE AREA TYPES

There are two main types of this meter

Float type (Rotameter)

Tapered plug type.

4.DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOW METERS

These are a range of meters that convert flow rate into a differential pressure. The important types conform to BS 1042 and are ORIFICE METERS

VENTURI METERS
NOZZLE METERS

PITOT TUBES

4.DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOW METERS

Venturi Meters

Venturi Meters

where C = is a dimensionless coefficient from approximately 0.935 to 0988 (small to large throat velocity and diameter) B = is the ratio of D2/D1

Venturi Meters
D1 = are the inside diameters at the upstream

D2 = are the inside diameters at the throat sections

A2 = the ares of the throat section change in h = the head differential sg = specific gravity of the manometer liquid

Venturi Meters
Note that: -The discharge coefficient, C, is a constant value for given venturi dimensions

-If D2=D1, then B=1, and Q is undefined; if D0>D1, you get the square root of a negative number(neither does not apply to venturi)
-The coefficient, C, must be adjusted to accomodate variations in water temp. -The value of B is usually between 0.25 and 0.50, but may be high as 0.75 -Venturi meters have benn made out of steel, iron, concrete, wood, plastic, brass, bronze, and other materials

Venturi Meters

ORIFICE METERS

ORIFICE METERS

ORIFICE METERS

ORIFICE METERS

ORIFICE METERS

ORIFICE METERS

References

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate
www.engr.sjsu.edu/bjfurman/courses/ME120/me12 0pdf/FlowMeasurement.pdf www.freestudy.co.uk/instrumentation/tutorial2.pdf ocw.usu.edu/biological_and_irrigation_engineering/ Irrigation___Conveyance_Control_Systems/6300_ _L13_FlowMeasurementinPipes.pdf hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pber.html

www.princeton.edu/~asmits/Bicycle_web/Bernoulli. html