INHERITANCE

Cytogenetics
Semi-Final Period
1st Sem AY 2008-2009
ANNOUNCEMENTS
ASSIGNMENT:
Trait/s that you share with your mother
Trait/s that you share with your father
Trait/s that you share with your siblings/cousins
Trait/s that you share with other members of
the family
Mechanism of trait transmission (if any)

Bond paper
Creative presentation
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel
Mendel’s Experiments
& Laws
1. Segregation:
Single gene
inheritance:
 Modes of inheritance
2. Assortment:
Two gene inheritance
Exceptions
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Father was a farmer
Mendel Mother was the
Mendel’s Experiments daughter of a
& Laws gardener
1. Segregation: Gregor Mendel
Single gene learned to tend fruit
inheritance: trees
 Modes of inheritance Very bright
2. Assortment: Priest in an
Two gene inheritance Augustinian
Exceptions monastery
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Wanted to teach
Mendel natural history but
Mendel’s Experiments had anxiety with
& Laws taking exams
1. Segregation: 29 – went to college
Single gene Intrigued by plant
inheritance: breeding
 Modes of inheritance Good in statistics
2. Assortment: 24,034 plants through
Two gene inheritance several generations
Exceptions Factors or
“elementen”
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Was not immediately
Mendel’s accepted
Experiments & Peas:
Laws Easy to grow
1. Segregation: Have many traits
Single gene Develop quickly
inheritance: Legend:
 Modes of inheritance
P1 (parental) – 1st
2. Assortment: generation
Two gene inheritance F1 (filial) – 2nd
Exceptions generation
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Was not immediately
Mendel’s accepted
Experiments & Peas:
Laws Easy to grow
1. Segregation: Have many traits
Single gene Develop quickly
inheritance: Legend:
 Modes of inheritance
P1 (parental) – 1st
2. Assortment: generation
Two gene inheritance F1 (filial) – 2nd
Exceptions generation
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel
Mendel’s Experiments
& Laws
1. Segregation:
 Single gene
inheritance
 Modes of inheritance

2. Assortment:
Two gene inheritance
Exceptions
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Short and tall
Mendel’s Experiments Short and short
& Laws Tall and tall
1. Segregation: Tall and short
 Single gene
inheritance
Tallness can mask
 Modes of inheritance
shortness
2. Assortment: Thus, concept of
Two gene inheritance recessive & dominant
Exceptions * Monohybrid cross
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel
Mendel’s Experiments
& Laws
1. Segregation:
 Single gene
inheritance
 Modes of inheritance

2. Assortment:
Two gene inheritance
Exceptions
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Autosomal dominant
Mendel’s Experiments Males and females
& Laws can be affected
1. Segregation: Males and females
Single gene
transmit the trait with
equal frequency
inheritance
 Modes of inheritance
Successive
generations are
2. Assortment: affected
Two gene inheritance
Transmission stops
Exceptions after a generation in
which non one is
affected
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Autosomal recessive
Mendel’s Experiments &
Laws
1. Segregation:
 Single gene inheritance
 Modes of inheritance
2. Assortment:
Two gene inheritance
Exceptions
 Males and females can
be affected
 Affected males and
females can transmit
the gene, unless it
causes death before
reproductive age
 Trait can skip
generations
 Parents of an affected
individual are
heterozygous/have the
trait
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Punnett square
Mendel’s Experiments & Autosomal dominant
Laws  Males and females can
1. Segregation: be affected
 Single gene inheritance  Males and females
 Modes of inheritance transmit the trait with
equal frequency
2. Assortment:
 Successive generations
Two gene inheritance
are affected
Exceptions  Transmission stops after
a generation in which
non one is affected
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Solving a problem
Mendel’s Experiments 2. List all possible geno
& Laws & pheno
1. Segregation: 3. Determine the
Single gene genotypes in the P1
inheritance 4. Possible alleles &
 Modes of inheritance gametes
2. Assortment: 5. Punnett squares,
Two gene inheritance calculate
Exceptions 6. Repeat steps 3 & 4
Mendelian Inheritance
Solving a problem Curly hair - C is the
2. List all possible geno dominant allele,
& pheno conferring curliness,
3. Determine the and c is the recessive
genotypes in the P1 allele, then both CC
and Cc genotypes
4. Possible alleles & result in curly hair. A
gametes person with cc
5. Punnett squares, genotype has straight
calculate hair.
6. Repeat steps 3 & 4
Mendelian Inheritance
Solving a problem Wendy has beautiful
2. List all possible geno curls, her husband
& pheno Rick has straight hair.
3. Determine the Wendy’s father is
genotypes in the P1 bald, but once had
curly hair, and her
4. Possible alleles & mother has stick-
gametes straight hair. What is
5. Punnett squares, the probability that
calculate Wendy andRick’s child
6. Repeat steps 3 & 4 will have straight
hair?
Mendelian Inheritance
Solving a problem CC, Cc = curly
2. List all possible Cc = straight
geno & pheno
3. Determine the
genotypes in the P1
4. Possible alleles &
gametes
5. Punnett squares,
calculate
6. Repeat steps 3 & 4
Mendelian Inheritance
Solving a problem Rick must be cc
2. List all possible geno Wendy must be Cc
& pheno
3. Determine the
genotypes in the
P1
4. Possible alleles &
gametes
5. Punnett squares,
calculate
6. Repeat steps 3 & 4
Mendelian Inheritance
Solving a problem Rick’s sperm carry only
2. List all possible geno c
& pheno Half of Wendy’s oocytes
3. Determine the carry C and half carry
genotypes in the P1 c
4. Possible alleles &
gametes
5. Punnett squares,
calculate
6. Repeat steps 3 & 4
Mendelian Inheritance
Solving a problem Wendy

2. List all possible geno C c

& pheno
3. Determine the
genotypes in the P1 c
4. Possible alleles &
gametes c
5. Punnett squares,
calculate Rick
6. Repeat steps 3 & 4
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Dihybrid cross
Mendel’s Experiments Two different traits,
& Laws each attributable to a
1. Segregation: gene with two
Single gene different alleles
inheritance For two genes on
 Modes of inheritance different
chromosomes, the
2. Assortment:
inheritance of one
Two gene inheritance
does not influence
Exceptions another
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Pedigree analysis
Mendel’s Experiments
& Laws
1. Segregation:
Single gene
inheritance
 Modes of inheritance
2. Assortment:
Two gene inheritance
Exceptions
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Pedigree analysis
Mendel’s Experiments
& Laws
1. Segregation:
Single gene
inheritance
 Modes of inheritance
2. Assortment:
Two gene inheritance
Exceptions
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Pedigree analysis
Mendel’s Experiments
& Laws
1. Segregation:
Single gene
inheritance
 Modes of inheritance
2. Assortment:
Two gene inheritance
Exceptions
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel 1. Lethal allele
Mendel’s Experiments combinations
& Laws 2. Multiple alleles
1. Segregation: 3. Different dominance
Single gene relationships
inheritance 4. Epistasis
 Modes of inheritance
5. Penetrance &
2. Assortment: expressivity
Two gene inheritance
Exceptions
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel 6. Pleiotropy
Mendel’s Experiments 7. Phenocopies
& Laws 8. Genetic
1. Segregation: heterogeneity
Single gene 9. Mitochondrial DNA
inheritance 10. Linkage
 Modes of inheritance
2. Assortment:
Two gene inheritance
Exceptions
Mendelian Inheritance
Background of Mendel Features of mtDNA:
Mendel’s Experiments 2. No crossing over
& Laws 3. No DNA repair
1. Segregation: 4. Maternal inheritance
Single gene
5. Many copies per mt
inheritance & per cell
 Modes of inheritance
6. High exposure to
2. Assortment: free radicals
Two gene inheritance
Exceptions 7. No histones
8. No introns