Life processes

The maintenance function

which goes on even while at
rest in all living organisms is
known as life processes.
Nutrition: the process of intake of
food and its utilization by humans is
known as nutrition.

Autotrophic Heterotrophic
nutrition: nutrition:
Organisms are Organisms cannot
able to synthesis fabricate their own
their own food food. They are
from simple reliant on
inorganic autotrophy to get
element. their food.
Example: green Example: animals.
plants
 Nutrition in human beings: From the mouth
the food is taken to the stomach through a food pipe
The muscular walls of the stomach helps in mixing the food
The food thoroughly with other digestive juices present in our
stomach. Gastric glands their release hydrochloric acid, a protein
Digesting enzyme called pepsin, and mucus. the mucus protects the
Inner lining of the stomach from the action of the acid. The small
intestine is the site of complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins
And fats. The food coming from stomach which is acidic is made
alkaline by mixing with bile juices. the digested juice is taken up
by walls of intestine. the villi take the absorbed food to each
cell of our body where it is utilized for obtaining energy,
building up and repair of tissues. the unabsorbed
Material is removed by anal sphincter.
Respiration: the process of intake of food
during the processes of nutrition for providing energy
for various life processes is known as respiration

Aerobic respiration: Anaerobic respiration:

Respiration in the During anaerobic
presence of oxygen respiration food is
is known as aerobic broken down to
respiration release energy in the
Glucose absence of oxygen
carbon dioxide+ Glucose lactic
water+ energy acid + energy
Transportation
Materials to be transported in
human beings, plants include
digested food, respiratory gases,
hormones, excretory products,
etc. The digested food includes
sugars like glucose, amino acids,
fatty acids and their derivatives.
Blood is must organ which
transport all the required
material.
transportation in humans:
 The heart: it is one of the most
important organs in the entire
human body. It is really nothing
more than a pump, composed of
muscle which pumps blood
throughout the body, beating
approximately 72 times per minute
of our lives. The heart pumps the
blood, which carries all the vital
materials which help our bodies
function and removes the waste
Functions of heart:
The walls of the heart are made up of three layers, while the
cavity is divided into four parts. There are two upper chambers,
called the right and left atria, and two lower chambers, called
the right and left ventricles. The Right Atrium, as it is called,
receives blood from the upper and lower body through the
superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava respectively, and
from the heart muscle itself through the coronary sinus. The
right atrium is the larger of the two atria, having very thin
walls. The right atrium opens into the right ventricle through
the right atrioventicular valve tricuspid), which only allows the
blood to flow from the atria into the ventricle, but not in the
reverse direction. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the
lungs to be deoxygenated. The left atrium receives blood from
the lungs via the four pulmonary veins. It is smaller than the
right atrium, but has thicker wall The valve between the left
atrium and the left ventricle, the left atrioventicular valve
 c
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Transportation in plants:
e

p
r
o
p
e
 The materials to be transported across the plant body are
r

water, minerals, food, hormones, etc.  The transport of

t
i
materials in plants takes place through specialized tissues
e
s
called the xylem and the phloem.  Xylem transports water
and dissolved minerals ando
f
phloem transports food.  Two
types of xylem cells are involved in transport of water -
tracheids and vessels. They
w
a are dead cells with lignified
walls. They are joined endt
e
to end forming a capillary
system to draw water upr the plant.  Phloem is a living
tissue. Sieve tubes and companion
.
cells are the phloem
cells involved in the transport of food. The sieve tube cells
are also joined end to end. The end walls of sieve tube
cells are perforated and the cytoplasm of the adjacent
cells are continuous through it. They are enucleated. The
companion cells are present
M
i next to the sieve tube cell
and are nucleated. The upward
n
e
movement of water is
called ascent of sap. Ascent
r of sap involves root pressure
and transpiration pull.  Roots
a
l
absorb water from the soil
by osmosis or diffusion. s The water ultimately enters the
xylem. Thus, the xylem in a the root develops a positive
water potential called ther
e
root pressure with which the
water is pushed up.  In tall trees transpiration pulls water
a
Due to transpiration, the upper parts of the trees develop
negative water potential. The water is then pulled up from
the region of higher water potential in the lower regions.
This is called transpiration pull.   The continuous column
of water resulting from the transpiration pull is called
transpiration stream. The continuity of the stream is
maintained by the adhesive and cohesive properties of
water.  Minerals are absorbed from the soil in the ionic
form along with water as they are dissolved in water.
Some of the mineral ions like the nitrates enter into the
phloem along with the prepared food. From the xylem and
the phloem, the minerals enter the cells by active
transport as per requirement.  Food is transported as
sucrose along phloem in not only downward but also
upward direction. Sucrose moves from the region of
positive potential (region of synthesis - leaves) to the
region of negative potential (region of utilization - roots,
young leaves, flowers and fruits) along the concentration
gradient.  Other than sucrose, phloem also transports
hormones (from the site of synthesis to the site of action)
and some of the mineral ions (from the leaves about to fall
to the other regions). The transport of soluble substances
excretion: the biological process involved in the
removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body
is called excretion.

Excretion in human Excretion in plants:

beings: the excretory The strategy of
system in human excretion in plants is
beings include a pair completely different
of kidney, a pair of from animals. oxygen
ureters urinary itself is the waste
bladder and a product which is
urethra. kidneys are generated during
located in the photosynthesis.
abdomen, one on plants excrete other
either side of the waste like excess
backbone. urine water through the
produced in the process of
released through Gums, are stored
the urethra. some in old xylem.
substances in the Plants also
initial filtrate, such excrete some
as glucose, amino waste substances
acids are into the soil
reabsorbed as the around them.
urine flows along
the tube.
Thank you