Application Subnetting

Presentation
Session
Basics
Transport
Four Subnetting Steps
Network
Data-Link & Practice Problems
Physical
By: Allan Johnson
Application
Presentation IP Addressing
Session
Transport
Subnetting a
Network
Data-Link Class A, B, and C
Physical
Logical Addressing
• At the network layer, we use logical,
hierarchical addressing.
• With Internet Protocol (IP), this address
is a 32-bit addressing scheme divided
into four octets.
• Do you remember the classes 1st octet’s
value?
 Class A: 1 - 126
 Class B: 128 - 191
 Class C: 192 - 223
 Class D: 224 - 239 (multicasting)
 Class E: 240 - 255 (experimental)
Network vs. Host
Class A: 27 = 126 networks; 224 > 16 million hosts

N H H H

Class B : 214 = 16,384 networks; 216 > 65,534 hosts

N N H H

Class C : 221 > 2 million networks; 28 = 254 hosts

N N N H
Why Subnet?
• Remember: we are usually dealing
with a broadcast topology.
• Can you imagine what the network
traffic overhead would be like on a
network with 254 hosts trying to
discover each others MAC
addresses?
• Subnetting allows us to segment
LANs into logical broadcast
domains called subnets, thereby
improving network performance.
Four Subnetting Steps
• To correctly subnet a given
network address into subnet
addresses, ask yourself the
following questions:
1. How many bits do I need to borrow?
2. What’s the subnet mask?
3. What’s the “magic number” or
multiplier?
4. What are the first three subnetwork
addresses?
• Let’s look at each of these
1. How many bits to
borrow?
• First, you need to know how many
bits you have to work with.
• Second, you must know either how
many subnets you need or how
many hosts per subnet you need.
• Finally, you need to figure out the
number of bits to borrow.
1. How many bits to
borrow?
• How many bits do I have to work
with?
 Depends on the class of your network
address.
 Class C: 8 host bits
 Class B: 16 host bits
 Class A: 24 host bits
 Remember: you must borrow at least
2 bits for subnets and leave at least 2
bits for host addresses.
 2 bits borrowed allows 22 - 2 = 2
subnets
1. How many bits to
borrow?
• How many subnets or hosts do I
need?
• A simple formula:
 Host Bits = Bits Borrowed + Bits Left
 HB = BB + BL
2 −2≥x
BB
• II need
need x
x hosts:
subnets: BL
• 2 −2≥x
• Remember: we need to subtract
two to provide for the subnetwork
and broadcast addresses.
1. How many bits to
borrow?
• Class C Example: 210.93.45.0
• Design goals specify at least 5
subnets so how many bits do we
borrow?
• How many bits in the host portion
do we have to work with (HB)?
• What’s the BB in our HB = BB + BL
formula? (8 = BB + BL)
• 2 to the what power will give us at
least 5 subnets?
3
2 - 2 = 6 subnets
1. How many bits to
borrow?
• How many bits are left for hosts?
HB = BB + BL
8 = 3 + BL
BL = 5
• So how many hosts can we assign
to each subnet?
5
2 - 2 = 30 hosts
1. How many bits to
borrow?
• Class B Example: 185.75.0.0
• Design goals specify no more than 126
hosts per subnet, so how many bits do
we need to leave (BL)?
• How many bits in the host portion do we
have to work with (HB)?
• What’s the BL in our HB = BB + BL
formula? (16 = BB + BL)
• 2 to the what power will insure no more
than 126 hosts per subnet and give us
the most subnets?
27 - 2 = 126 hosts
1. How many bits to
borrow?
• How many bits are left for subnets?
HB = BB + BL
16 = BB + 7
BL = 9
• So how many subnets can we
have?
9
2 - 2 = 510 subnets
2. What’s the subnet
mask?
• We determine the subnet mask by
adding up the decimal value of the bits
we borrowed.
• In the previous Class C example, we
borrowed 3 bits. Below is the host octet
showing the bits we borrowed and their
1
decimal1 values.
1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

We add up the decimal value of these bits and

get 224. That’s the last non-zero octet of our
subnet mask.
So our subnet mask is 255.255.255.224
3. What’s the “magic
number?”
• To find the “magic number” or the
multiplier we will use to determine
the subnetwork addresses, we
subtract the last non-zero octet
from 256.
• In our Class C example, our subnet
mask was 255.255.255.224. 224 is
our last non-zero octet.
• Our magic number is 256 - 224 =
32
Last Non-Zero Octet
• Memorize this table. You should be able
to:
 Quickly calculate the last non-zero octet
when given the number of bits borrowed.
 Determine the number of bits borrowed
given the last non-zero octet.
 Determine the amount of bits left over for
hosts and theBitsnumber of host addresses
Non-Zero
available. Borrowed Octet Hosts
2 192 62
3 224 30
4 240 14
5 248 6
6 252 2
4. What are the subnets?
• We now take our “magic number”
and use it as a multiplier.
• Our Class C address was
210.93.45.0.
• We borrowed bits in the fourth
octet, so that’s where our multiplier
occurs
 1st subnet: 210.93.45.32
 2nd subnet: 210.93.45.64
 3rd subnet: 210.93.45.96
• We keep adding 32 in the fourth
Host & Broadcast
Addresses
• Now you can see why we subtract 2
when determining the number of host
address.
• Let’s look at our 1st subnet: 210.93.45.32
• What is the total range of addresses up
to our next subnet, 210.93.45.64?
• 210.93.45.32 to 210.93.45.63 or 32 addresses
• .32 cannot be assigned to a host. Why?
• .63 cannot be assigned to a host. Why?
• So our host addresses are .33 - .62 or 30
host addresses--just like we figured out
earlier.
Application
Presentation CIDR Notation
Session
Transport
A Different Way to
Network
Represent a Subnet
Data-Link
Mask
Physical
CIDR Notation
• Classless Interdomain Routing is a
method of representing an IP address
and its subnet mask with a prefix.
• For example: 192.168.50.0/27
• What do you think the 27 tells you?
 27 is the number of 1 bits in the subnet
mask. Therefore, 255.255.255.224
 Also, you know 192 is a Class C, so we
borrowed 3 bits!!
 Finally, you know the magic number is 256 -
224 = 32, so the first useable subnet
address is 197.168.50.32!!
• Let’s see the power of CIDR notation.
202.151.37.0/26
• Subnet mask?
 255.255.255.192
• Bits borrowed?
 Class C so 2 bits borrowed
• Magic Number?
 256 - 192 = 64
• First useable subnet address?
 202.151.37.64
• Third useable subnet address?
 64 + 64 + 64 = 192, so
202.151.37.192
198.53.67.0/30
• Subnet mask?
 255.255.255.252
• Bits borrowed?
 Class C so 6 bits borrowed
• Magic Number?
 256 - 252 = 4
• Third useable subnet address?
 4 + 4 + 4 = 12, so 198.53.67.12
• Second subnet’s broadcast
address?
 4 + 4 + 4 - 1 = 11, so 198.53.67.11
200.39.89.0/28
• What kind of address is
200.39.89.0?
 Class C, so 4 bits borrowed
 Last non-zero octet is 240
 Magic number is 256 - 240 = 16
 32 is a multiple of 16 so 200.39.89.32
is a subnet address--the second
subnet address!!
• What’s the broadcast address of
200.39.89.32?
 32 + 16 -1 = 47, so 200.39.89.47
194.53.45.0/29
• What kind of address is 194.53.45.26?
 Class C, so 5 bits borrowed
 Last non-zero octet is 248
 Magic number is 256 - 248 = 8
 Subnets are .8, .16, .24, .32, ect.
 So 194.53.45.26 belongs to the third subnet
address (194.53.45.24) and is a host
address.
• What broadcast address would this host
use to communicate with other devices
on the same subnet?
 It belongs to .24 and the next is .32, so 1
less is .31 (194.53.45.31)
No Worksheet Needed!
• After some practice, you should never
need a subnetting worksheet again.
• The only information you need is the IP
address and the CIDR notation.
• For example, the address 221.39.50/26
• You can quickly determine that the first
subnet address is 221.39.50.64. How?
 Class C, 2 bits borrowed
 256 - 192 = 64, so 221.39.50.64
• For the rest of the addresses, just do
multiples of 64 (.64, .128, .192).
The Key!!
• MEMORIZE THIS TABLE!!!

Bits Non-Zero
Borrowed Octet
1 128
2 192
3 224
4 240
6 252
7 254
8 255
Practice On Your Own
• Below are some practice problems.
Take out a sheet of paper and
calculate...
 Bits borrowed
 Last non-zero octet
 Second subnet address and broadcast
address
• 192.168.15.0/26
• 220.75.32.0/30
• 200.39.79.0/29
• 195.50.120.0/27
• 202.139.67.0/28
• Challenge: 132.59.0.0/19
Answers
Don’t Cheat Yourself!!
Work them out before you check your answers.
Click the back button if you’re not done.
Otherwise, click anywhere else in the screen to
see the answers.

Bits Last Non- Magic 2nd Subnet's 2nd Subnet's

Address Class Borrowed Zero Octet Number Address Broadcast
192.168.15.0/26 C 2 192 64 192.168.15.128 192.168.15.191
220.75.32.0/30 C 6 252 4 220.75.32.8 220.75.32.11
200.39.79.0/29 C 5 248 8 200.39.79.16 220.39.79.23
195.50.120.0/27 C 3 224 32 195.50.120.64 195.50.120.95
202.139.67.0/28 C 4 240 16 202.139.67.32 202.139.67.47
Challenge:
132.59.0.0/19 B 3 224 32 132.59.64.0 132.59.95.255
64.0.0.0/16 A 8 255 1 64.2.0.0 64.2.255.255