AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE

TRAINING PRESENTATION ON
STUDIO CHAIN & FM TRANSMITTERS

ALL INDIA RADIO(AIR) & DOORDARSHAN, MATHURA(U.P.)

Submitted to :
Prof. H.S. SIYAN Department Of Electronics & Communication 1

Presented By :
ROHIT NARAIN ECE-D

CONTENTS

Introduction History and present scenario Methodology of Radio Transmission Study of Studio Chain FM Modulators/Demodulators

INTRODUCTION TO A.I.R
A.I.R is one of the largest radio networks in
the world.

A national service planned, developed and

operated by the Prasar Bharati Broadcasting Corporation of India

All India Radio, Mathura was established at

29 January 1967.

The Satellite Earth station was established at

21st March,1944.

HISTORY AND PRESENT SCENERIO

The first radio program in India was broadcast by the Radio Club of Mumbai in June 1923 . In 1926 the private Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) was granted permission to operate two radio stations; the Bombay station was inaugurated on July 23, 1927, the Calcutta station followed on August 26, 1927. The introduction of the commercial channel Vividh Bharti in October 1957 increased the interest and popularity of radio.

METHODOLOGY OF RADIO TRANSMISSION

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BASEBAND SIGNAL

MODULATED SIGNAL IS SENT

STUDY OF STUDIO CHAIN IN ALL INDIA RADIO Studio center Broadcast station Mixing Control room Recording room
STUDIO CENTER CONSISTS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROPHONES DEPENDING UPON THEIR USE:

CONDENSOR TYPE RIBBON TYPE DYNAMIC TYPE

CLASSIFICATION OF MICROPHONES
CONDENSOR TYPE
Simplest of all the microphones. work by converting signals caused by acoustic energy to electrical energy resulting in a stronger signal. Use energy from battery supply.

RIBBON TYPE
a velocity microphone, which means that such usually respond to the velocity of the air that is produced by the sound.

Ribbon microphones operate by suspending loosely small elements in a magnetic field that is quite strong.

DYNAMIC TYPE
These are the kind of microphones that generate signals by a conductor which is in magnetic field being in motion.

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF MICROPHONE DEPENDS UPON:

Direction of Arrival of Sound. Directivity Distance between the source and the microphone.

BROADCASTING HUB
AIR has now accomodated FM Transmitters & Receivers as they are more clear,good quality Listening,Low interference. AIR in Mathura has 26 transmitters of 1 KW each. These are AM Transmitters operating at 1584Khz. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FM TRANSMITTER Description can be explained into 2 phases:-

PHASE-1 PHASE-2

PHASE-1 The L and R audio signals are converted into the stereo signal by a stereo coder. The stereo signal, also called the MULTIPLEXED (MPX) signal. This frequency modulates the VHF oscillator which is a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) of the phase locked loop (PLL). The PLL is an automatic frequency control (AFC) system in the FM transmitter.

Phase of the VHF oscillator is compared with that of a reference crystal oscillator operating at 10 MHz the frequency of the reference oscillator is divided by 1/1000 with the help of three decade counters in cascade to bring it down to the audio range (10khz)

PHASE-2

The phases of the outputs from the two frequency dividers are then compared in a phase comparator. The resultant error voltage is amplified, rectified and filtered to get a DC error voltage of positive or negative polarity which corrects and drift in the VHF oscillator frequency. The operating frequency and the variable factor N are synthesized with the help of digital frequency synthesis techniques. The FM signal obtained at the output of VHF oscillator is then amplified in a VHF Power Amplifier with an output power of 1.5 kW

ANTENNA SYSTEM OF TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER SIDE: RADIO NETWORKING TERMINAL

RNT acts as a ground terminal for satellite signal reception. Parabolic Dish Antenna : Circular polarization of INSAT broadcast is used as it does not require any adjustment of feed or polarization matching. Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) : It contains two LNA PCBs to have 100% redundancy. Front end converter :It has also got two chains for redundancy. Any one chain can be selected by RF switch provided at its input

RECORDING
RECORDING is done in All India Radio through magnetic tapes. Magnetic recording is made possible due to magnetism remaining behind after the magnetizing force is removed. The magnetic material used in recording is magnetic oxide of iron Fe2O3 and Fe2O4 .This is mixed with suitable adhesives, plasticizers, fillers etc. and applied in the form of an extremely smooth, even and thin coating (0.4 to 0.6 mils) on to a PVC backing (1.0 to 1.5 mils thick).

Thank u