COLLEGE

3-D CAR
RADAR

By: PRATEEK ARORA ECE-D FINAL YEAR

ELECTRONICS & COMM. DEPARTMENT

RADAR: BASIC CONCEPT

KEY POINTS

BASIC PRINCIPLE

RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) is a way to detect and study far off targets by transmitting a radio pulse in the direction of the target and observing the reflection of the wave. Its basically radio

RADAR FREQUENCY BANDS

Wavelength 1 km 1m 1 mm 1 mm 1 nm

Frequency

1 MHz

1 GHz

109 Hz

1012 Hz IR UV Visible

L-Band

S-Band

C-Band

X-Band

Ku K Ka W

5 6 7 8 Allocated Frequency (GHz) 6 5 Wavelength (cm) 4

10

11

12

30 20

10 9

8 7

RADAR: BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

TYPES OF RADAR

3-D CAR RADAR

KEY POINTS....

The CENTRAL ACQUISITION RADAR (3-D CAR) is referred as 3-D RADAR developed by DRDO. ROHINI RADAR is meant for INDIAN AIR FORCE. REVATHI is meant for INDIAN NAVY. TACTICAL CONTROL RADAR (TCR) is meant for INDIAN ARMY.

3-D CAR RADAR (continued)

The ROHINI has a new Indian developed antenna which is more advanced than that on the original CAR in terms of Power handling and Beam forming technology. It is used with Akash SAM capable of tracking 150 targets. The Central Acquisition Radar (CAR) is a medium range high-resolution 3-dimensional surveillance radar. The radar employs a planar array antenna and provides simultaneous multi-beam coverage. It can handle 150 targets in track while scan mode.

FEATURES
Medium Range 3-D Surveillance. S Band Operation. Surveillance range upto 180 km. Deployment in less than 20 minutes. Capable of detecting low altitude targets, and supersonic aircrafts. Frequency agility and jammer analysis.

COMPONENTS
TRANSMITTER:

Transmitter is a power amplifier, such as a klystron, travelingwave tube, crossed-field amplifier, or solid-state device. The radar equation shows that the range of a radar is proportional to the fourth root of the transmitter power.

where R = range of radar. Pr = received power. Pt = transmitted power. Transmitters not only must be able to generate high power with stable waveforms, but they must often operate over a wide bandwidth, with high efficiency and with long, troublefree life.

COMPONENTS
RECEIVER:

The receiver serves to separate the desired signal from the everpresent noise and other interfering signals and amplify the signal sufficiently to actuate a display, such as a cathode ray tube, or to allow automatic processing by some form of digital device. This reciever is a super heterodyne reciever.

ANTENNA:

The transmitter power is radiated into space by a directive antenna which concentrates the energy into a narrow beam. A typical antenna beamwidth for the detection or tracking of aircraft might be about 1 or 2. A dedicated tracking radar generally has a symmetrical antenna which radiates a pencil-beam pattern. At the upper microwave frequencies (such as X band), radar antennas greater than 10 or 20 ft in dimension can be considered large.

COMPONENTS
DUPLEXER: The duplexer acts as a rapid switch to protect the receiver from damage when the high-power transmitter is on. On reception, with the transmitter off, the duplexer directs the weak received signal to the receiver rather than to the transmitter. Duplexers generally are some form of gas-discharge device and may be used with solid-state or gasdischarge receiver protectors. A solid-state circulator is sometimes used to provide further isolation between the transmitter and the receiver.

SIGNAL & DATA PROCESSING

Purpose is to reject undesired signals (such as clutter) and pass desired signals due to targets. Signal processing includes the matched filter and the doppler filters in MTI and pulse doppler radar. Automatic tracking is the chief example of data processing. Target recognition is another example. It is best to use automatic tracking with a good radar that eliminates most of the unwanted signals so that the automatic tracker only has to deal with desired target detections and not undesired clutter.

DISPLAY & CONTROL

The display for a surveillance radar is usually a cathode-ray tube with a PPI (plan position indicator) format. A PPI is an intensity-modulated, maplike presentation that provides the target's location in polar coordinates(range and angle). A radar control can be made to automatically recognize when environmental conditions have changed and automatically select, without the aid of an operator, the proper radar operating parameters to maximize performance. The most common radar waveform is a repetitive train of short pulses. Other waveforms are used in radar when particular objectives need to be achieved that cannot be accomplished with a pulse train.

APPLICATIONS
MILITARY:

Important part of air defence system, operation of offensive missiles and other weapons. Target detection, Target tracking and Weapon control. Tracks the targets, directs the weapon to an intercept and assess the effectiveness of engagement.

APPLICATIONS
REMOTE SENSING: WEATHER OBSERVATION T.V. REPORTING PLANETARY OBSERVATION BELOW GROUND PROBING MAPPING OF SEA ICE

SCOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT

Need to update technology with changing time. China used 400 km technology during Second World War. RADAR cross section (RCS) which can be detected in airplanes is 0.1m2 in U.S.A. Currently BEL uses 2m2 technology in RCS. Range and design need to be modified considering large antenna size to be replaced by small antenna size. RADAR Working

THANK YOU