High Frequency Techniques in

Electromagnetics
Ayhan Altnta
Bilkent University, Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
Ankara, Turkey
E-mail: altintas@ee.bilkent.edu.tr
Outline

Ray-based Techniques
Geometrical Optics (GO)
Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD-UTD)
Integral-based Techniques
Physical Optics (PO)
Physical Theory of Diffraction (PTD)
Equivalent Edge Currents (EEC)
Scattering Problem
J
J: induced surface current
E
scat
(e)
E
inc
(e)
PEC Scatterer
E = E
inc
(e) + E
scat
(e)
Total Field
Radiated by J
Determine E or E
scat
!
Geometrical Optics

factor
phase
s j
factor Spread
e
s s
E s E
e



+ +
=
_
) )( (
) 0 ( ) (
2 1
2 1
PROPERTIES
Abides power conservation in
the ray tubes
Phase factor is introduced along
rays (local plane waves)
Polarization is preserved in ray-
fixed coordinates
Can be derived from Maxwells
Equations

DIFFICULTY
Not valid in caustics
s
1

Astigmatic Ray Tube

0 s
Line Caustics
are two caustic distances
2 1
,
Geometrical Optics
Properties:
Conceptually simple
Localized scattering
Requires only tracing of incident and
reflected rays
Pinpoints flash points

+
=
Shadow
Lit E E
E
ref inc
GO
; 0
;
Reflected rays
Incident rays
Shadow Region
Scatterer
Shadow boundary
Shadow boundary
Disadvantages:
Requires finding of reflection point
on the surface
Predicts null field in shadow
regions
Predicts discontinuous field along
shadow boundaries
Geometrical Optics
Geometrical Optics for reflection

Source
Image
s
Q
r
n
u
Wavefront
u cos ) (
2
'
1 1
r o
Q a s
+ =
S
Caustic distance for reflected rays
) (
r o
Q a Radius of curvature of
the surface at Q
r
s j inc ref
e
s
R E E
e

+
=
Note that in 2-D there is only
one caustic distance
Geometrical Optics Example A strip
Half Plane Fields
Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD)
Incident ray
Q
1
Q
2
Diffracted
rays
Surface diffraction
'
t ) 2 ( n
Diffracted rays
Incident ray
Edge diffraction
s
d
Q
Observation
direction

Shadow boundary
Shadow boundary
Ray Theory
Solves some of GO difficulties
GTD Calculation
GTD Formulation:
d GO GTD
E E E + =
s j
h s
d
inc d
e s A D Q E E
e
= ) ( ) ( ,
field Diffracted E
d
:
factor spread s A : ) (
factor phase e
s j
:
e
. :
,
coeff n diffractio Dyadic D
h s
Properties:
Conceptionally simple
Local phenomena
Tracing of diffracted rays
Pinpoints flash points
Predicts non-zero field in shadow
regions
A higher order approximation than
GO in terms of frequency
Uniform versions yield smooth and
continuous fields at and around
shadow boundaries (transition
regions)
Disadvantages:
Requires searching for diffraction
points on the edge
Requires finding of attachment and
launching points and geodesics on
the surface
Fails at caustics where many
diffracted rays merge


e
Edge
s
|
o

s
Keller cone
Plane of
Diffraction
E
i
|o

E
i
u

E
d
u

E
d
|o
|
o

Incident ray
Diffracted ray
3-D Edge Diffraction
Keller Cone becomes a disk in 2-D problems
Edge Diffraction Coefficients
s j
s A
h s
d
inc d
e
s s
D Q E E
e

+
=
_
) (
,
) (
) (
s j
E
inc
inc
D
h
s
E
d
d
e s A
E
E
D
D
E
E
inc
o
h s
d
o
e

|
(
(

=
(
(

) (
0
0
'
'
,
_
_
_
Note there is only one caustic distance
Where is the other one?
Kellers Diffraction Coefficients (GTD)
Kellers edge diffraction coefficients
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+

n
n
n
n o
j
k
h s
k n
n e
D
'
cos cos
1
'
cos cos
1
4
,
sin 2 2
) / sin(
t t
t
| t
t
+
t = '
Not valid when
Non-uniform
Numerical Result GTD
Numerical Result - UTD
In the Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (UTD) D
s,h
contain Fresnel integrals to make
them valid in transition regions. (Invented at Ohio State University by Kouyoumjian and Pathak

Uniform Asypmtotic Theory(UAT) is similar to UTD but uses Keller diffraction and modifies
reflected field, not very suitable for numerical work.(Invented at U.of Illinois)
GTD-UTD Example A Disk
Backscattering from a square plate
z
y
x
o
a
a
e
inc

h
inc

Diffracted Ray
Caustics
Diffracted
Ray
Caustics
Flat Plate Modeling
Scattered field for RCS has many Caustics
Ray based techniques fail at caustics
Physical Optics approximation

=
=
+ =
}
region Shadow
region Lit H n
J
Integral Radiation dS G J E
E E E
inc
PO
S
PO PO
PO inc
; 0
; 2
; '
is the GO based surface current.
PO
J
Properties:
Simple
No need to search for flash
points
Stationary phase evaluation of
the radiation integral yields
reflected field, so PO
asymptotically reduces to GO
Stays bounded in the caustics
Suited well for the RCS of
targets build up with flat polygonal
plates

Disadvantages:
Surface integral required
Reciprocity is not satisfied
Not accurate away from specular
reflection

Physical Theory of Diffraction

fw PO
E
S
fw
E
S
PO inc
fw PO
dS G J dS G J E E
J J J
' '
} }
+ + =
+ =
We do not know J
fw
! How do we calculate the second integral?
Use High frequency asymptotic approximation to E !
fw PO
J J J + =
Incident Plane Wave
Half plane
Physical Theory of Diffraction

fw
S
PO inc
s j
PO
h s h s
d
inc PO
d
d fw
E
fw PO
d
E
PO
s
inc
E dS G J E E
e s A D D Q E E E E
E E E E E
d GO
+ + =
= =
+ + + =
}

'
: PTD
) ( ) ( ) ( , ,
point
End
phase
Stationary
analysis asymptotic Apply
e
_ _
Note that singularities of and cancel so is valid in transition regions

h s D ,
PO
h s D ,
fw
E
PTD Equivalent Edge Currents (EEC)
PTD - EEC
Derived from the integration of fringe wave currents on a half plane. Then use
asymptotic methods to convert the 2-D surface integral into a 1-D line integral.
dt e M t s Y I t s s
r
e jkZ
E
dS e J s s
r
e jkZ
E
s t jkt f
C
f
jkr
fw
s y z jk
s
fw
jkr
fw

) (
]

[
4
'
4

}
}}
+ =
=
t
t
f
m
o o
i
f
f
em
o
i
f
e
o
i
f
D
k
t H Z j
M
D
k
t H j
D
kZ
t E j
I
| |
| |
sin sin

2
sin

2
sin

2
'
' 2 ' 2

=
Surface Integral:
Line Integral:
PTD Coefficients
f
m
f
em
f
e
D D D , ,
coefficients depending on angles
of the geometry
Various approaches exist to determine these
coefficients, most useful ones are by Mitzner
(ILDC) and Ando.
RCS of a Flat Plate
z
y
x
a
e
inc

h
inc

Disk Example Revisited
Disk - Cross Polar Radiation
HF work of A. Altintas
HF Work of A. Altintas
HF Work of A.Altintas
HF Work of A.Altintas
HF Work of A.Altintas
End of the Show
End
GTD Equivalent Edge Currents (EEC)
Advantages:
Finite fields at or around caustics.
Field prediction even when there is no GO/GTD ray reaching the observation (corner diffraction).
Spatial variations of the incident field are inherently included.
Problems:
Not valid in the transition regions of shadow boundaries.
Derived heuristically.
GTD - EEC
Replaces the edge with non-uniform electric and magnetic line sources.
) (
8
sin
)

(
) (
) (
8
sin
)

(
) (
4
4
,
t
|
,
,
t
|
,
t
t
h
j
o
i
m
s
j
o
i
e
D e
k
t H
I
D e
k Z
t E
I