NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Neurotransmitters found in
the nervous system
EXCITATORY
Acetylcholine Aspartate Dopamine

Histamine
Norepinephrine Epinephrine Glutamate

INHIBITORY
GABA Glycine
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Neurotransmitter Molecule
Acetylcholine

Derived From
Choline

Site of Synthesis
CNS, parasympathetic nerves

Serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

Tryptophan

CNS, chromaffin cells of the gut, enteric cells

GABA

Glutamate

CNS

Histamine

Histidine

hypothalamus

Epinephrine synthesis pathway Norpinephrine synthesis pathway Dopamine synthesis pathway Nitric oxide, NO

Tyrosine

adrenal medulla, some CNS cells

Tyrosine

CNS, sympathetic nerves

Tyrosine

CNS

Arginine

CNS, gastrointestinal tract

Transmitter Receptor Types

Ionotropic - transmitter attaches to receptor sites on the postsynapatic membrane and opens ionic gates, presumably by a brief conformational change in the protein structure of the pore. Action is rapid and produces large conductance changes. Examples Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and spinal cord Renshaw cells GABA in the CNS Glutamate in the CNS

Transmitter Receptor Types

Metabotropic - transmitter, via a G protein, stimulates metabolic changes in the postsynaptic cell by activation of a second messenger such as cAMP, cGMP, inositol triphosphate, Ca2+ or nitric oxide Action is relatively slow and does not produce large conductance changes in the neuronal membrane
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Transmitter Receptor Types

Genotropic - transmitter activates a gene, causing transcription of a specific mRNA Often considered a form of metabotropic transmitter function Action is very slow

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Drugs Interfere with Neurotransmission

Drugs can affect synapses at a variety of sites and in a variety of ways, including:
1. Increasing number of impulses 2. Release NT from vesicles with or without impulses 3. Block reuptake or block receptors 4. Produce more or less NT 5. Prevent vesicles from releasing NT

AGONIST
1. Morphine salah satu jenis yang terkenal opium (ekstrak bunga opium) nama dewa mimpi Morpheus Opium dpt menimbulkan efek gembira yg ber lebihan (euphoria), selain itu utk campuran obat-2-an utk mengurangi rasa sakit (analgetik), obat batuk & obat diare 2. Benzodiazepine Chlordiazepoxide (librium or librax) & diazepam (valium) mempunyai efek anti xiolitic (mengurangi rasa cemas), sedative (rasa ingin tidur), anticonvulsant (anti kejang) serta meng ikat GABA di amygdala bg otak yang berperan utk emosi

ANTAGONIST
1. Atropine ekstrak tanaman Belladonna (perempuan cantik) membuat wanita menarik, pupil mata dilatasi (lebar) juga untuk obat sakit perut Over dosis dari atropine Alzheimers disease hilangnya fungsi mengingat diri seseorang lama kelamaan akan menjadi amnesia 2. d (delta) tubocurarine suku Indian curare (bius) ekstrak tanaman kayu vines (pinus) untuk membunuh musuhnya over dosis sesak nafas yg akan menimbulkan kematian Untuk operasi (bius) tetapi tetap dibantu oleh alat-2 respirasi (alat bantu pernafasan)

Drugs That Influence Neurotransmitters

Change in Neurotransmission increase the number of impulses release neurotransmitter from vesicles with or without impulses release more neurotransmitter in response to an impulse block reuptake produce less neurotransmitter prevent vesicles from releasing neurotransmitter Effect on Neurotransmitter release or availability increased neurotransmitter release increased neurotransmitter release increased neurotransmitter release more neurotransmitter present in synaptic cleft less neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft less neurotransmitter released Drug that acts this way nicotine, alcohol, opiates amphetamines methamphetamines nicotine cocaine amphetamine probably does not work this way No drug example

block receptor with another molecule

no change in the amount of neurotransmitter released, or neurotransmitter cannot bind to its receptor on postsynaptic neuron

LSD caffeine

NIH Publication No. 00-4871