Cells: the basic units of life

Chapter 3

Diversity of cells
Eukaryotic cells
The organization of living things

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html

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 The diversity of cells
• 1665, Robert Hooke
was the first person
to describe cells
• Built a microscope
• Thin slice of cork
• “little boxes” which
he named cells
• Since animal cells do
not have a cell wall
he believed that
animals did not have
cells

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 Anton van Leewenhoek
• 1673, looked at pond
scum, saw small
organisms
• “animalcules” which
mean little animals
• Today they are
known as protists
• Known as the father
of microbiology

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 Cell Theory
• Schleiden and
Schwann
• 3 parts to theory
• All organisms are
made of one or more
cells
• The cell is the basic
unit of all living
things
• All cells come from
existing cells

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 Cell size
• Most cells are so small
that a microscope is
needed to see them.
• Why?
• Take in food and get rid
of waste through their
outer surface.
• As cell grows, the
inside volume grows
faster than its outer
surface.
• Area of cell surface to
inside volume limits
the size of the cell.

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Variety of sizes and shapes

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Basic Structure of a Cell

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 Introduction to Cells
Cells are the basic units of organisms
Cells can only be observed under
microscope
Basic types of cells:

Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell

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 Number of Cells
Organisms may be:
• Unicellular –
composed of one cell
• Multicellular-
composed of many
cells that may
organize

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 Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

 Prokaryotes are cells that do not

have a nucleus, includes bacteria
Eukaryotes are cells that do have
a nucleus, includes plant, fungi, &
animals cells

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 Prokaryotes
DNA is a long circular
molecule that looks like
a rubber band.
No nucleus so DNA
“floats” inside the cell
Has a strong cell wall
which helps cell retain
it’s shape
• Contain ribosomes (no
membrane) to make
proteins in their
cytoplasm
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 Eukaryotic Cell
Larger (10x) than
prokaryotic cells
Contain 3 basic cell
structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
organelles-each
organelle has its own
job
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 Eukaryotic cells
• Multicellular- many • Single-celled
cells. • Includes:
• Includes: animal • Protists like
cells amoebas
• Plant cells • Eukaryotes like
• protists like green yeast
algae
• Eukaryotes like
mushrooms

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 Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cell Animal Cell

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Different kinds of animal
cells

white blood cell

Amoeba

red blood cell

muscle cell
sperm
cheek cells
nerve cell
Paramecium 15
Different kinds of plant
cells

Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells

root hair

Root Hair Cell

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 Cell wall
Found in plants
• A rigid structure that
surrounds the cell
membrane and
provides support to
the cell
• Plants and algae
have a cell wall
made of cellulose- a
complex sugar that
most animal can’t
digest.
• When a plant lacks
water, the cell wall
collapses and the
plant droops.
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 Plant Cell

Cell wall
Protect and support the
enclosed substances
(protoplasm)
Resist entry of excess
water into the cell
Give shape to the cell

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 Cell membrane
• All cells have a cell membrane
• Cell membrane is a protective
barrier that encloses the cell
• Two layers of phospholipids
• Controls the movement on
nutrients and water in and out
of the cell

Around the cell, you'll find another "skin,"

The cellular membrane holds the whole cell in
But its job isn't simple there's no doubt,
It lets some particles go in and out.
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 Cell Membrane
all cells have a cell membrane

Cell membrane
Lies immediately against the cell
wall in plant cells
Made of protein and
phospholipids
Selectively permeable

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cytoskeleton

• A web of proteins
in the cytoplasm
• Acts as muscle
and skeleton in
the cell
• Helps some cells
move

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nucleus
• The organelle that contains the cell’s
DNA and is the control center of the
cell.

"brain" of the cell-- holds the

information stored as DNA and
controls cell functions

Has it's own lipid bilayer

with special "nuclear pores"
regulating in and out movement

Like the farmer man in the dell.

The nucleus controls the cell.
its gives the orders -- kind of like a
brain.
And it's protected by a nuclear
membrane.
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 Organelles
Very small size
Can only be observed under a microscope
Each organelle has a specific function
Found throughout cytoplasm

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 Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include:
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) –
canals for movement
Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes
Ribosomes – makes proteins

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 ribosomes
• The organelle in which amino
acids are hooked together to
make proteins
• Smallest of the organelles.
• More ribosomes than any
other organelles.
• Some float freely while others
are attached to membranes.

And don't forget those ribosomes -

This is where proteins come from.
These protein factories are so small, you'll
agree,
You need an electron microscope to see
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth ER no
ribosomes, located
in the cytoplasm
Rough ER has
ribosomes on its
surface & makes
proteins to
EXPORT, found
near nucleus
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 Endoplasmic reticulum
• A system of folded
membranes in which
proteins, lipids, and
other materials are
made.
• Rough ER- ribosomes
are attached-
function is to make
the proteins
• Smooth ER- no
Just when you thought you weren't having ribosomes- function
any fun, is to make lipids and
break down toxic
Along comes the endoplasmic reticulum. materials that could
These tube-like structures serve as a track, damage the cell

To carry stuff to the membrane and back

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mitochondria
• Mightocontrea
• Mydorkyndron
• Mytocondria
• Mydrokandria
• Mitacondria
• Microtandria
• Mitocongrea
• Midocandria
• Midondria
• Mydokrate
• Mydokandrya
• Mytokandria
• mitoconria

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 mitochondria
• The organelle that breaks
down sugar and food
molecules to make ATP
(energy)
• Mitochondria have their own
DNA and can divide within a
cell
• The power house of the cell

Las of all, but not the very least,Mitochondria -

mighty cellular beasts,Since they turn sugars into
energy so well,We call them the powerhouse of the
cell.
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 Cell Powerhouse

Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )
Rod shape
Site of Cellular
respiration

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 In Animal Cells:
Mitochondria

Active cells like

muscles have more
mitochondria
Burn sugars to
produce energy ATP 31
chloroplasts
• The organelle that
uses the energy of
sunlight to make
food
• Found in plant and
algae cells
• where
photosynthesis takes
place
• Sunlight + carbon
dioxide + water ->
sugar and oxygen

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 Plant Cell Organelles
Chloroplast
Contain the green
pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to
make to make
sugars (food)
Process called
photosynthesis 33
 Golgi Bodies
• Stacks of flattened
sacs
• Have a shipping side &
a receiving side
• Receive & modify
proteins made by ER
• Transport vesicles
with modified proteins
pinch off the ends
Transport
vesicle
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 Golgi complex
• The organelle
that processes
and transports
proteins and
other material
out of the cell

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vacuole

• The organelle
that store
water and
other materials
• Vacuole is
large in plant
cells

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 Lysosome
• Contain digestive
enzymes
• Break down food and
worn out cell parts for
cells
• Programmed for cell
death (lyse & release
enzymes to break down
& recycle cell parts)

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 Nucleolus
• Cell may have 1 to 3
nucleoli
• Inside nucleus
• Disappears when cell
divides
• Makes ribosomes that
make proteins

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 Cell or Plasma Membrane

Cell membrane
Living layer
Controls the movement of
materials into and out
of the cell
Selectively permeable

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 Cytoplasm of a Cell

Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance
enclosed by cell
membrane
Provides a medium
for chemical
reactions to take
place
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 More on Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm
Contains organelles
to carry out
specific jobs
Examples:
chloroplast &
mitochondrion
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 Plant Cell

Cell wall
Dead layer
Large empty spaces
present between
cellulose fibers
Freely permeable

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 Plant Cell

Cell wall
Made of cellulose
which forms very
thin fibers
Strong and rigid
Found in plant cells

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 Plant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
Have a large central
vacuole
Surrounded by tonoplast
Contains cell sap
Sugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, &
pigments
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vacuole cytoplasm
Animal cell

No cell wall or
chloroplast
nucleus Stores glycogen
in the
mitochondrion cytoplasm for
food energy
cell
glycogen membrane
granule 45
Animal Cell Organelles

• Near the nucleus

• Paired structures
• Help cell divide 46
Similarities between plant
cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane
surrounding the cytoplasm

Both have a nucleus

Both contain mitochondria

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Differences between plant
cells and animal cells
Animal cells Plant cells

Relatively Relatively
smaller in size larger in size
Irregular shape Regular shape
No cell wall Cell wall present
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Differences between Plant
Cells and Animal Cells
Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or Large central
absent vacuole
Glycogen as food Starch as food
storage storage
Nucleus at the Nucleus near cell
center wall 49
 The cell is the Basic Unit
of Life
• Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms
• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell
only
• The cells of multicellular organisms are
specialized to perform different functions

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Benefits of being multicellular
• Larger size- larger organisms are prey
for fewer predators
• Longer life- life span of a multicellular
organism is not limited to the life span
of any single cell
• Specialization- makes the organism
more efficient.

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 Levels of organization
• Cells are
grouped
together and
work as a
whole to
perform special
functions

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 Tissue
• A group of similar cells to
perform a particular function
– Animals : epithelial tissue,
muscular tissue
– Plants : vascular tissue,
mesophyll

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 Organ
• Different tissues group together
to carry out specialized functions
– Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood
vessels
– Leaf : consists of epidermis,
mesophyll and vascular tissue

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The Structures of a Leaf
(Plant Organ)
Chloroplast
Palisade
Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll
Cell

Air Space

Stoma
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The Structures of a Heart
(Animal Organ)

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 System
• Several organs and tissues work together
to carry out a particular set of
functions in a co-ordinated way
– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,
circulatory and reproductive systems
– Plant : root and shoot systems

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Human Body Systems
Examples of systems :
 Digestive System
 Respiratory System
 Circulatory System
 Nervous System
 Reproductive System

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Examples of a Human Body System

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Examples of a Human Body System
The Respiratory System

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Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System

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Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System

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 Levels of Organization
 CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)
 TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
 ORGANS (heart, lungs,stomach)
 SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
 ORGANISM (human)

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It’s You!

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