Pengetahuan Dasar Batubara

Batubara termasuk dalam batuan sedimen yang

dibentuk dari hasil pengubahan sisa-sisa tumbuhtumbuhan yang terjadi selama puluhan atau ratusan juta tahun. Sesuai dengan bahan asalnya batubara terdiri dari elemen-elemen arang (karbon), oksigen, belerang, hidrogen, dan beberapa mineral logam dalam bentuk dan jumlah bayangan (traces). Dengan demikian kualitas batubara tergantung dari jenis bahan asalnya dan peningkatan mutu oleh faktor geologi termasuk gradien geotermal dan sebagainya.

COMPOSITION OF COAL
COAL
Pure Coal (C,H,N,O,S,N, Trace elements)

Mineral Matter

Moisture

Ash

LOI

Volatile Matter

Fixed Carbon

Inherent Moisture

Adherent Moisture

LOI : loss on ignition

Kandungan Unsur Kimia Dalam Batubara

Secara kimia, batubara tersusun atas tiga komponen utama, yaitu: 1. Air yang terikat secara fisika dan dapat dihilangkan pada suhu sampai 105 o C disebut Moisture; 2. Senyawa batubara atau coal substance atau coal matter;

3. Zat mineral atau mineral matter

SKEMA SUSUNAN KIMIA BATUBARA

Free Moisture

Total Moisture
Residual Moisture

Volatile Matter

Organic Matter
(pure coal)

Fixed Carbon

Mineral Matter

Volatil e MM

Ash

Raw Coal

Airdry Coal

Dry Coal

Raw Coke

Pure Coke

Moisture terdiri dari satu senyawa kimia tunggal ,

wujudnya dapat berbentuk air dalam batubara, berbentuk senyawa teradsorpsi, dan sebagai senyawa yang terikat secara kimia. Sebagian dari moisture merupakan komponen dari zat mineral dan tidak terikat pada batubara. Moisture yang datang dari luar yaitu pada waktu batubara ditambang, diangkut atau kehujanan selama penyimpanan disebut Free Moisture (moisture jenis ini dapat dihilangkan dengan cara dikering-udarakan)

Total Moisture adalah penjumlahan dari free

moisture dan moisture in air-dried sample atau residual moisture

Proses Pembentukan Endapan Batubara

Tahapan Dalam Proses Pembentukan Batubara

TIDAK TERBARUKAN

TERJADINYA DITENTUKAN OLEH PROSES GEOLOGI:

- SIFAT KIMIA DAN FISIKA TERTENTU - KUANTITAS DAN KUALITAS TIDAK MERATA - PENYEBARAN DAN BENTUK TIDAK TERATUR ( TIDAK MENGENAL BATAS ADMINISTRASI )

UMUMNYA MEMPUNYAI RISIKO TINGGI YANG MEMERLUKAN TAHAPAN KEGIATAN SISTIMATIK PEMETAAN GEOLOGI, PENYELIDIKAN UMUM, EKSPLORASI, STUDI KELAYAKAN, KONSTRUKSI, EKSPLOITASI, PENGOLAHAN DAN TRANSPORTASI NILAI EKONOMINYA SANGAT DIPENGARUHI OLEH TEKNOLOGI, POLEKSOSBUD, KEBIJAKAN FISKAL, INDUSTRI, PASAR DAN GEOGRAFI ( INFRASTRUKTUR / LOKASI )

Tangse (Cu)
Cu

N
Bulagidun (Cu,Au) Tapadaa Malala (Cu) (Mo) Kelian( Au)
9

Bangkinang (S n)

G. Bawang (Mo)

Ratatotok (Au)

Loloda (Cu,Mn)

P. Gebe (Ni,Co)

300

600

Sn

S ingkep (S n)
3
Sn

Kilometer Tanj ung Buli (Ni, Co)

S . Liat & Belinyu (S n)

G. Pani (Au, Cu) Sekko (Cu)

Gosowong (Au)
11

P eg. Cycloop (Ni,Co) Kaputusan (Cu)

6
Sn

Lebong Tandai (Au, Ag) Rawas (Au)

Sn

MT. Muro (Au,Ag)

S oroako (Ni, Co) P omala (Ni,Co) S angkaropi (Cu)

Kelapa Kampit (S n) G. Pongkor (Au,Ag)

Barru (Cr) Cempaka Meratus (Pt) (Ni) Baturape (P b)

Au

Lampung (Au) Cikotok

(Au)

Lerokis/Kalikuning (Au, Ag)

Grasberg (Cu, Au) G. Bij ih (Cu, Au)

Cibuniasih (Pb, Au)

BUSU
KETERANGAN
Vulkanik Kuarter Vulkanik Tersier Vulkanik Pra Tersier Granit Tersier Granit Pra Tersier Batuan Basa-Ultrabasa Sedimen Tersier-Kuarter

R MA GM

Selogiri S anenrej o (Au) (Cu, Au) Salopa/Cineam (Au)

Batuhij au (Cu,Au)

ATIK

SUNDA -

BANDA
Ni-Co dalam batuan Ultramafik Au-Cu dalam batuan Asam-Intermediet Cr-Fe dalam batuan Ultramafik Bauksit-Timah dalam Granit Au- Cu - Mo Porpiri dalam batuan Granit Keterdapatan Mineral Tambang Aktif

Sedimen dan Vulkanik Paleozoikum - Mesozoikum Sedimen dan Vulkanik Mesozoikum - Kenozoikum

SIMPLIKASI ZONA MINERALISASI BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN BATUAN INDUK (DIADOPSI DARI BEBERAPA SUMBER)

Busur Aceh
Tangse (Cu)

Busur Sulawesi Timur - Mindanau Busur Kalimantan Tengah Busur Halmahera Bulagidun (Cu,Au) Malala (Mo) Kelian( Au) G. Pani (Au, Cu) Sekko (Cu)
Tapadaa (Cu)
0

Cu

Bangkinang (S n)

G. Bawang (Mo)

Ratatotok (Au)

Loloda (Cu,Mn)

300

250 600 Kilometer

500

Sn

S ingkep (S n)
3
Sn

S . Liat & Belinyu (S n)

Gosowong (Au)

Kilometer Tanj ung Buli (Ni, Co) Busur Irianj aya Tengah P. Gebe (Ni,Co)
P eg. Cycloop (Ni,Co)

Sn

Lebong Tandai (Au, Ag) Rawas (Au)

Sn

MT. Muro (Au,Ag)

S oroako (Ni, Co) P omala (Ni,Co) S angkaropi (Cu)

Kaputusan (Cu)

Kelapa Kampit (S n)

Barru

Au

Lampung (Au)

(Cr) Sumatera - Meratus Arc Cempaka Meratus G. Pongkor (Pt) (Au,Ag) (Ni) Busur Sumatera - Meratus

Baturape (P b)

Lerokis/Kalikuning (Au, Ag)

Grasberg (Cu, Au) G. Bij ih (Cu, Au)

Cikotok (Au) S elogiri S anenrej o (Au) (Cu, Au) S alopa/Cineam (Au)

Batuhij au (Cu,Au)

Busur Sunda - Banda

KETERANGAN
MIOSEN AKHIR - PLIOSEN PALEOSEN - TERSIER TENGAH Tambang aktif KAPUR AKHIR Keterdapatan Mineral

PENYEBARAN BUSUR MAGMATIK BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN MINERALISASI DI INDONESIA

RISIKO DAN BIAYA EKSPLORASI SUMBERDAYA MINERAL DAN BATUBARA RISIKO

WILAYAH SURVAI TINJAU 100 % N Ha

BIAYA

40 20 10

WILAYAH CADANGAN
PERTAMBANGAN

<10 % N Ha

7
STUDI KELAYAKAN
CADANGAN TERBUKTI

WAKTU (TH)
KONSTRUKSI DAN EKSPLOITASI CADANGAN LAYAK TAMBANG

SURVAI DASAR PENYELIDIKAN EKSPLORASI GEOLOGI UMUM SUMBERDAYA

ENDAPAN HIPOTETIK SUMBERDAYA TEREKA TERTUNJUK/ TERUKUR

Klasifikasi Sumber Daya dan Cadangan PBB

Classification of Coals
Scientific classification

Coalification

High

Low Anthracite Bituminous Lignite Brown-Coal Peat

Commercial classification

Utilization

Coking coal Stream coal Anthacite

for coke and gas for power generation for briquetting

Scientific Classification
Classification
Rank Petrographic Content Grade C% Geological era Original plants

Contents
Vitrinte mean random refrectance (%) Gross calorific value (MJ/kg) Maceral group analysis (vitirnite,liptinite,mmf volume %) Ash (mineral matter) content (%,db) Carbon content (% daf) Paleozoic, Jurassiera Terrestrial, aqua plant

Etc.
ECE-UN ECE-UN ECE-UN

Scientific Classification
ESE-UN in Seam Coal Classification, 1993

R
Meta > 4.0 2.5-4.0 2.0-2.5 1.4-2.0 1.0-1.4 0.6-1.0 0.4-0.6 0.4<
R : Reflectance of vitrinite

High Rank

Antharacite

Ortho Semi Meta

Medium Rank

Bituminous

Ortho Semi

Low Rank

Sub-bituminous Lignite

Commercial Classification
1. Standard for coal classification International classification For utilization Stream Coal, Coking Coal, Anthracite By size
Run-of-mine Coal Lump Coal Coarse Grain Coal Fine Grain Coal Small Coal Very Fine Coal > 50 mm 38-50 mm 25-37 mm <25 mm >1-3 < 3 mm mm

2.

3.

Proved Recoverable Reserves WEC 1998

[Mtonnes]

Bituminous + Anthracite
USA Russian Chinna Australia India South Africa Germany Others Word Total 111,338 49,008 62,200 47,300 72,733 55,333 24,000 8,749 509,491

Subbituminous
97,472 33,700 1,900 ----43,971 279,021

Lignite
33,327 10,450 18,600 41,200 2,000 -43,000 47,122 195,699

Total
246,643 157,010 114,500 90,400 74,733 55,333 67,000 178,592 984,211

Share (%)
25.1 16.0 11.6 9.2 7.6 5.6 6.8 18.1 100

Coal and Their Uses

High Carbon/Energy Content High Moisture Content

Coal Hard Coal 50%

Anthracite -1% Bituminous 49%

(%:World Reserves)

Low Rank Coal 50%

Sub-bituminous 19% Thermal (Steam Coal) Lignite 31%

Metallurgical (Coking Coal)

Uses

Domestic/ Industrial generation

Manufacture of iron and stell smokeless fuel

Power Generation Largely power Cement manufacture Industrial isues

Basis of Analysis
Received/sampled/dispatched base

Air dried base (a.d.)

Dried base (d.b.) Dry,ash-free base (d.a.f.) Dry,mineral-matter-free (d.m.m.f.)

Ash

LOI

Volatile Matter

Fixed Carbon

Inherent Moisture

Adherent Moisture

Mineral Matter

Pure Coal (C,H,N,O,S,etc)

Moisture

COAL
LOI : loss on ignition

Coal Analysis by Different Base

As received Dry basis --9.8 21.3 68.9 80.00 4.36 2.69 1.79 1.36 32.79 Dry, ash free ----23.7 76.4 88.69 4.83 2.99 1.98 1.51 36.15

Proximate Analysis (wt%) Moisture Ash Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon

Ultimate Analysis (wt%) Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Calorific Value (MJ/kg) Gross

3.4 9.5 20.6 66.5 77.29 4.59 5.61 1.73 1.31 31.68

Classification of Coal in Use

Steam Coal Direct use Pulverized coal combustion Fluidized bed combustion Stoker combustion Pulverized coal injection CWM CCS Gasification Atomizing combustion Pulverizing coal combustion Combined cycle generation Raw material for chemicals Alternative fuel Iron making Raw material for chemicals Carbon material, Briquette

Processing

Conversion

Liquefaction Coking Coal Carbonization Coke Tar Anthracite

Example of Coal Quality for Power Generation

Evaluation Items
Gross calorific value (a.d.) Total moisture (a.d.)

Unit
Kcal/kg Wt%

Limit
> 6,200 < 20

Fuel ratio (FC/VM)

Nitrogen (d.b.) Total sulfure Size distribution(-2mm)

--Wt% Wt% Wt%

< 2.2
< 1.7 < 1.0 < 30

Ash / Initial deformation temp.

Ash / Hemisphere temp. Na2O in ash Basicity of ash (CaO+MgO) / Fe2O3

C
C Wt% ---

> 1,150
> 1,150 < 2.0 < 1.0

Ash electric resistivity

Ohm-cm

< 1013

Coal Properties Required for Combustion

Chemical Properties : 1. Total moisture 2. Ash content 3. Volatile matter 4. Calorific value 5. Sulfur content 6. Chlorine content 7. Trace element 8. Swelling and agglomerating behavior 9. Reflectance and petrographic content Ash 1. 2. 3. 4. Properties : Ash composition Ash fusion temperature Slagging and fouling Indices Ash electric resistivity

Physical Properties : 1. HGI 2. Abrasion index 3. Friability 4. Dustiness

Evaluation Indices for Combustion

Evaluation Items
Combustibility (burn out) NOx emissions Slagging property Heat transfer property Electrostatic precipitability Grindability Handling property Spontaneous combustibility Coal dust dispersion

Indices
Fuel ratio (FC/VM), VM Nitrogen content, Fuel ratio Ash fusion temp.,B/A ratio, Slagging index (Slagging&Fouling property) Ash composition, Particle size profile, Intrinsic electric resistance HGI Moisture, Particle size profile, Fine particle O/C, VM, Fuel ratio Moisture, HGI, Fine particle

Coal Properties for Other Uses

1. Gasification More active sites Higher porosity Higher calcium content Low ash fusion temperature Liquefaction High volatile matter High vitrinite content Low ash content High ash fusion temperature

2.

Environmental Impact of Coal

3. Steel-making
1) 2) 3) 4) Chemical properties Rheological properties Petrographical composition Coke strength prediction

Environmental Impact of Coal

1. 2. Coal production Dust, Mine waste disposal, Mine water drainage Coal preparation Solid waste disposal, Liquid waste disposal, Noise and vibration, Process water, Particulate and gaseous effluents Coal transportation and storage Dust, Pipeline slurry, Spontaneous combustion, Surface water run - off Coal utilization CO2, SOx, NOx, Solid waste disposal

3.

4.

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
NOx, Sox, Dust
Present Regulation NOx 20 ~ 50 ppm SOx 20 ~ 50 ppm Dust 10 ~ 20 mg/Nm3 Future Regulation NOx 10 ppm SOx 10 ppm Dust 10 mg/Nm3 Triple Ten

Trace Element
Present Regulation (ash Disposal) Pd < 0.3 mg/l, Cd < 0.3 mg/l Se < 0.3 mg/l, Hg < 0.005 mg/l As < 0.3 mg/l, Cr < 1.5 mg/l Future Regulation

Waste Water B, F, Ni, Mo,. Air Pollution Cl, F, Hg

CHANGE OF REQUIRED COAL QUALITY

At Present Customer Needs
Decrease of fuel cost Expansion of supplying country

In The Future Customer Needs

Decrease of fuel cost New environ mental regulation

Required Coal Quality

Low sulfur and nitrogen High volatile matter Non-trouble handling

Required Coal Quality

Low rank coal Low Na, Ca Low Cl, F, Trace elements(Se.)

Combustion Process
Pulverized coal combustion Fluidized bed combustion

Combustion Process
PFBC IGCC etc