BAHASA INGGRIS 1

OBJECTIVES
Students are able to differentiate form and structure of sentences, so that students can comprehend reading or text in English

ASSESMENT
TUGAS : 40% UTS : 30% UAS : 30%

 Meeting Meeting Meeting Meeting Meeting Meeting Meeting Meeting Meeting

1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9:

NOUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERBS PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION Compiled Material Parts of sentences Punctuation

 Meeting Meeting Meeting Meeting Meeting

10:ARTICLES 11:S + V Agreement 12: Phrases 13: Phrases 14: Compiled Material

UNIT 1: NOUN
What is a Noun? Noun is a word used to

name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.

Late last year our neighbours bought a goat.

Portia White was an opera singer.

The bus inspector looked at all the passengers' passes. The bus inspector looked at all the passengers' passes.

Philosophy is of little comfort to the starving. Philosophy is of little comfort to the starving.

Function of NOUN
A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective or an adverb.

EXAMPLE
The clown chased a dog around the ring and then fell flat on her face.
Verb Noun Pronoun Adjective Adverb Preposition

EXAMPLE
Dust covered every surface in the locked bedroom.
Verb Noun Pronoun Adjective Adverb Preposition

Kinds of Nouns
Concrete Nouns
A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell

EXAMPLES of Concrete Nouns

The judge handed the files to the clerk. Whenever they take the dog to the beach, it spends hours chasing waves. The real estate agent urged the couple to buy the second house because it had new shingles.

ABSTRACT NOUNS
An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can not perceive through your five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun.

Examples
Buying

the fire extinguisher was an afterthought. Tillie is amused by people who are nostalgic about childhood. Justice often seems to slip out of our grasp. Some scientists believe that schizophrenia is transmitted genetically.

Abstract Noun

Concrete Noun

Curiosity
Deceit Trust

Computer
Teacher Airplane

Dedication

Printer

Countable Nouns
Countable Nouns

Countable nouns refer to things that we can count. Such nouns can take either singular or plural form.
Concrete nouns may be countable. - There are a dozen flowers in the vase. - He ate an apple for a snack.

The main difference between countable and uncountable nouns is whether you can count the things they refer to or not. Example sentences:
I stepped in a puddle. (How many puddles did you step in? Just one.)

I drank a glass of milk. (Glasses of milk can be counted)

I saw an apple tree. (Apple trees can be counted)

Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns refer to things that we cannot count. Such nouns take only singular form.
Abstract nouns are uncountable. Examples: The price of freedom is constant vigilance. Her writing shows maturity and intelligence.

Some concrete nouns are uncountable (when understood in their undivided sense). The price of oil has stabilized recently.

Certain nouns in English belong to both classes: they have both a noncount and a count meaning. Normally the noncount meaning is abstract and general and the count meaning concrete and specific. Compare: Count I've had some difficulties finding a job. (refers to a number of specific problems) Noncount She succeeded in school with little difficulty. (refers to the general idea of school being difficult)

Count

The talks will take place in the Krannert building. (refers to a number of specific lectures) The city was filled with bright lights and harsh sounds. (refers to a number of specific lights and noises)

Noncount I dislike idle talk. (refers to talking in general) Light travels faster than sound. (refers to the way light and sound behave in general)

Uncountable Sense
Art is often called an imitation of life.
Life is precious. He likes to eat pizza. Religion has been a powerful force in history.

Countable Sense
I read a book about the folk arts of Sweden. A cat has nine lives. How many pizzas should we order? Many religions are practiced in the United States .

She has beautiful skin. Dr. Moulton is an expert in ancient Greek sculpture. We use only recycled paper in our office.

The hull of a kayak is made of animal skins.

We have several sculptures in our home.

Where are those important papers?

Categories of Uncountable Nouns Abstract

advice help information knowledge trouble work enjoyment fun recreation relaxation

Material
(fluids, solids, gases meat rice (particles) bread air (gases) coffee ice cream water oil grass hair

Generic
fruit wildlife equipment machinery furniture mail luggage jewelry clothing money

Non-plurals with -s ethics mumps measles news

Categories of Uncountable Nouns

Whole groups made up of similar items baggage clothing Equipment Food Fruit Furniture Garbage Money Traffic scenery

Language Fields of

Recreation

Study
Arabic Chinese English Spanish Chemistry Engineering History mathematics economics physics civics Tennis Baseball Soccer Chess poker (other games)

Categories of Uncountable Nouns

General Activities Natural Phenomena

Driving Studying Swimming Traveling Walking (and other gerunds)

Weather Dew Fog Hail Heat Humidity Lightning Rain Snow thunder

Use much (a lot of) or many by changing the word in plural if necessary

Furniture Desk Goose Phenomenon Tooth Mail shelf

Possessive Nouns
In the possessive case, a noun or pronoun changes its form to show that it owns or is closely related to something else. Usually, nouns become possessive by adding a combination of an apostrophe and the letter "s."

Examples
You can form the possessive case of a singular noun that does not end in "s" by adding an apostrophe and "s," as in the following sentences:

The red suitcase is Cassandra's. The only luggage that was lost was the prime minister's. The miner's face was covered in coal dust.

You can form the possessive case of a singular noun that ends in "s" by adding an apostrophe alone or by adding an apostrophe and "s," as in the following examples:

The bus's seats are very uncomfortable. The bus' seats are very uncomfortable. Felicia Hemans's poetry was once more popular than Lord Byron's. Felicia Hemans' poetry was once more popular than Lord Byron's.

You can form the possessive case of a plural noun that does not end in "s" by adding an apostrophe and a "s," as in the following examples: The children's mittens were scattered on the floor of the porch. The sheep's pen was mucked out every day.

You can form the possessive case of a plural noun that does end in "s" by adding an apostrophe: The concert was interrupted by the dogs' barking, the ducks' quacking, and the babies' squalling. The janitors' room is downstairs and to the left. My uncle spent many hours trying to locate the squirrels' nest.

INDEFINITE NOUNS
Not unique No specific reference for speaker/ reader (the speaker or writer does not know or does not expect the listener to know :Which?)
-

He saw a new movie. (singular) He saw new movies. (plural)

DISTINGUISH SPECIFIC AND GENERAL IDEAS

Tom will bring the book tomorrow. (There is one specific book that Tom will bring tomorrow.) Tom will bring a book tomorrow. (Tom will bring any one book).

SPECIFIC AND GENERAL IDEAS

ARTICLE MEANING A or AN USES general idea Use when there are many, and you do not know which one it is. Use when there are many, and you do not care which one it is. specific idea Use when it is the only one. Use when there are many, and you know which one it is.

THE

PROBLEMS WITH ARTICLES

ARTICLES COUNTABLE SINGULAR NOUNS a dollar an apple COUNTABLE PLURAL NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

INDEFINITE (general)

_____dollars _____apples

____money ____juice

DEFINITE (Specific)

the dollar the apple

the dollars the apples

the money the juice

DEFINITE NOUNS
unique specific reference for speaker/ reader (the speaker or writer knows or does not expect the listener to wonder :Which?) Example The book My books

Fill in the blank with the appropriate article, a, an or the, or leave the space blank if no article is needed.
1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

I want ___ apple from that basket. I borrowed ___ pencil from your pile of pencils and pens. One of the students said: ___ professor is late today. Please give me __ cake that is on the counter. __ ink in my pen is red.

Fill in the blank with the appropriate article, a, an or the, or leave the space blank if no article is needed.
1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

I want an apple from that basket. I borrowed a pencil from your pile of pencils and pens. One of the students said: The professor is late today. Please give me the cake that is on the counter. The ink in my pen is red.