Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Resumo da aula
Histrico eicosanides
Biossntese de prostanides Histrico MAINE
Histrico - Eicosanides
humano ;
1933 - 1935, Goldblatt (Inglaterra) / von Euler (Sucia) musc. lisa lquido seminal e gls reprodutoras
acessrias;
1936, von Euler: substncia ativa - termo Prostaglandina; + de 20 anos (famlia de compostos tpicos)
Histrico - Eicosanides
1975, Hamberg e cols.: tromboxanos; 1976, Moncada e cols.: prostaciclinas; 1983, Samuelsson e cols.: leucotrienos.
Fosfolpides de Membrana
Estmulos Estmulo
Fosfolipase A2
cido Araquidnico Prostaglandina G2 Prostaglandina H2 PGI2 Sintase TX Sintase Isomerases Especficas Mastcitos
COX
Endotlio
Plaquetas
PGI2
AES
TXA2
TP
Vasoconstr. agregao plaquetria
PGD2
DP
Vasodilatao agregao plaquetria
PGF2
FP
Contrao uterina e febre
PGE2
EP 1, 2, 3, 4
Vasodilatao controle fluxo sg renal diurese Citoproteo gstrica contrao uterina inflamao e febre
Recep. IP
Vasodilatao (controle fluxo sg renal) agregao plaquetria citoproteo gstrica
Histrico - MAINE
Egpcios: efeito analgsico
das folhas
400 a.C. Hipcrates: folhas e cascas no alvio da dor 1763 Reverendo Edmund Stone: Carta sucesso da casca do salgueiro na cura da sezes (doctrine of signatures)
Histrico - MAINE
1836 Pina: cido saliclico 1859 Kolbe: sintetizou o c. saliclico 1874 produzido industrialmente (febre, febre reumtica
e gota)
Efeitos adversos e gosto desagradvel 1899 Hoffmann (Bayer) c. Acetilsaliclico (1853 -
Gerhardt)
1899 Dreser: aspirina
Sune K. Bergstrm
Bengt I. Samuelsson
John R. Vane
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"
Estmulo
Fosfolipase A2
COX
MAINE
PGI2
AES
TXA2
TP
Vasoconstr. agregao plaquetria
PGD2
DP
PGF2
FP
PGE2
EP 1, 2, 3, 4
Vasodilatao controle fluxo sg renal diurese Citoproteo gstrica contrao uterina inflamao e febre
Recep. IP
Vasodilatao (controle fluxo sg renal) agregao plaquetria citoproteo gstrica
COX-1 e COX-2
COX-1
constitutiva maioria das cls normais e tecidos COX-2 induzida processos inflamatrios
Ponte de hidrognio
Ligao Covalente
Rofecoxib
(1999)
Celecoxib
(1999)
Naproxeno
(1973)
Sulindac
(1977)
Diclofenaco
(1979)
Indometacina
(1964)
Ibuprofeno
(1969)
Aspirina
(1899)
celecoxib rofecoxib
1a. semana
2a. semana
6a. semana
Doses de aspirina - tratar doenas inflamatrias crnicas maiores que aquelas requeridas para inibir a sntese de PG
(Weismann, G., Science, 264, 1991; Rainsford in Aspirin and salicylates (Butterworths, London, 1984)
Atividade antitumoral dos MAINE (inibio da progresso ciclo celular, induo de apoptose, inibio da angiognese) - altas doses - maiores que as necessrias para inibir a sntese de PGs
(Goldberg et al., Oncogene, 12, 893-901, 1996; Barnes et al., Br.J.Cancer, 77, 573-580, 1998; Jones et al., Nat. Med., 5, 1418-1423, 1999) Vrios estudos tem mostrado que a concentrao de protena e RNAm para COX-2 so up-regulated em tecidos malignos. Deste modo as propriedades antineoplsicas foi primariamente atribuda a sua abilidade de bloquear COX-2
Down-Regulation of PGE2 by Physiologic Levels of Celecoxib is not Sufficient to Induce Apoptosis or Inhibit Cell Proliferation in Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines
Shahar Lev-Ari et al., Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Apr;52(4):1128-33
Ensaio imunoenzimtico
Western blot
PCR
HT-29 carcinoma
Down-Regulation of PGE2 by Physiologic Levels of Celecoxib is not Sufficient to Induce Apoptosis or Inhibit Cell Proliferation in Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines
Citometria de fluxo
In vivo: ratos
In vivo: ratos
A dose de celecoxibe necessria para promover antipirese maior que a necessria para inibir a sntese de PGs
In vivo: ratos
Fabricio et al., Am.J.Physiol Regul. Integr Comp Physiol, 288: R761-R677, 2005
In vivo: ratos
5 membros: p65 (rel A) Rel B c Rel p50/p105 (NF-B 1) p52/p100 (NF-B 2) Existem nas cls no estimuladas homo ou heterodmeros ligados as protenas da famlia IB
NF-kB
HUVECs Pr-tratadas por 1 hora Estimuladas por 15 min com TNF- EMSA
Pierce et al., The Journal of Immunology, 1996
Salicilato de sdio bloqueia a expresso transcrita de molculas de adeso induzidas pelo TNF-
Salicilatos bloqueiam a expresso de molculas de adeso na superfcie celular induzidas pelo TNF-
Salicilatos bloqueiam a expresso de molculas de adeso na superfcie celular induzidas pelo TNF-
Imunoensaio fluorescncia
Northrn Blot
Western Blot
Cls mesangiais renais (rMES) Pr-incubadas 30min celec Estimuladas IL-1 30min EMSA Niederberger et al., The FASEB Journal, 2001
Rofecoxibe inibiu de maneira dose dependente a capacidade de ligao de NF-B no DNA, enquanto aumentou a atividade de ligao de AP-1
W.B.
RAW 264.7 (macrfagos) Pr-incubadas 30min rofec. Estimuladas 30min LPS EMSA
Bay 11-7085 inibidor da kinase IkB
Etoricoxibe e Lumiracoxibe no alteraram a expresso nuclear de c-jun e c-fos induzida por LPS
W.B
Elisa
RAW 264.7 (macrfagos) 30 min pr-incubadas com as drogas 30 min estimuladas com LPS Niederberger et al., Biochem.Biophys.Research Communications, 2006
Elisa
RAW 264.7 (macrfagos) 30 min pr-incubadas com as drogas 30 min estimuladas com LPS
Etoricoxibe reduziu a expresso de protena para COX-2 e iNOS, enquanto o Lumiracoxibe no mostrou efeito sobre as mesmas
RAW 264.7 (macrfagos) Estimuladas 24h com LPS Western Blot mtodo de Griess / Elisa
Concluso Parcial
Em modelos in vitro: Salicilato de sdio inibe a ativao de NF-B Celecoxibe inibe (em baixas doses) e estimula (em altas doses) a ativao de NF-B Rofecoxibe inibe a ativao de NF-B e estimula a ativao de AP-1 de maneira dose dependente Etoricoxibe e Lumiracoxibe inibem a ativao de NFB e no apresentam efeito sobre a ativao de AP-1
Maior [ ] de celecoxibe para inibir proliferao celular Efeitos no so revertidos pela adio de PGE2 Rofecoxibe no produz efeitos similares
Grsch et al., J.National Cancer Institute,2006
KBM-5 cells (leucemia) / pr-tratadas com MAINE (4 ou 8 h) / estimuladas 0.1 nM TNF por 30 min / EMSA
KBM-5 cells (leucemia) / pr-tratadas com MAINE (4 ou 8 h) / estimuladas 0.1 nM TNF por 15 min / Western Blot
MAINE inibiram a expresso de protenas reguladas por NF-B e induzidas por TNF
KBM-5 cells (leucemia) / pr-tratadas com MAINE (4 ou 8 h) / estimuladas 1 nM TNF por 24h / Western Blot
MAINE inibiram a expresso de protenas reguladas por NFB e induzidas por TNF
KBM-5 cells (leucemia) / pr-tratadas com MAINE (4 ou 8 h) / estimuladas 1 nM TNF por 24h / Western Blot/ Elisa
H1299 carcinoma Pr-incubadas com celec (4h) 0,1 nM TNF 30 min EMSA
Concluso
Os MAINE atuam:
inibindo a atividade da enzima COX inibindo e/ou estimulando a ativao de fatores de transcrio (altas doses) AP-1, NF-B regulando a expresso de molculas envolvidas na resposta inflamatria e proliferativa inibindo outras vias de sinalizao intracelular (MAP-kinases, ERK, JNK)
Perspectiva
Entendimento do mecanismo pelo qual os diferentes MAINE atuam na sinalizao intracelular ser til para o desenvolvimento de novos MAINE mais especficos e efetivos
Celecoxibe inibiu 1) a fosforilao e a degradao do IkB 2) a fosforilao e a translocao nuclear de p65 induzida po TNF-
Figure 1. . Activation or induction ( ); inhibition ( ); inhibited by NSAIDs (shaded oval); activated by NSAIDs (oval). Abbreviations: Akt/PKB, protein kinase B; APC adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene; AP-1 activator protein 1; Cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase; CREB, cAMP response element binding protein; Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; HSF, heat shock factor; Hsp, heat shock protein; IKK, Ikappa kinase; JNK, Jun NH2-terminal kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated kinase; MAPKAP, MAPK-activated protein kinase; MEK/MKK, mitogenactivated protein kinase kinase; MLK, mixed lineage kinase; MSK, mitogen- and stress-activated kinase; NIK, nuclear factor kappaB-inducing kinase; NF- B, nuclear factor kappa B; PAK, p21-GTPase-activated kinase; PDK, phosphoinositol-dependent kinase; PI-3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; pRb, retinoblastoma protein; p70-S6K, p70S6 kinase; p90RSK, ribosomal S6 kinase; Tcf, T cell factor; Wnt (syn Wg), wingless
Takada
Jun/Fos and Jun/ATF dimers exhibit distinct, complementary functions in oncogenic transformation (van Dam et al., 1998; van Dam and Castellazzi, 2001). (GOOGLE map-kinases)
Risk of Hospitalization for Myocardial Infarction Among Users of Rofecoxib, Celecoxib, and Other NSAIDs A Population-Based CaseControl Study
Sren P. Johnsen, MD, PhD; Heidi Larsson, MSc; Robert E. Tarone, PhD; Joseph K. McLaughlin, PhD; Bente Nrgrd, MD, PhD; Sren Friis, MD; Henrik T. Srensen, DMSc
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Fig. 2. A, expression of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS for 24 h in the absence or presence of rofecoxib or dexamethasone at the indicated concentrations. Top, Northern blot analysis of iNOS and COX-2; 20 g of RNA was separated in a 1% agarose gel, blotted on a nylon membrane, and then hybridized with the radioactively labeled probe. The blots show representative results of four experiments. 18S RNA was assessed as a loading control. Bottom, realtime reverse transcription-PCR. One hundred nanograms of RNA-equivalent was subjected to real-time PCR in an SDS 7700 with Sybr Green staining. Ct values were calculated with 18S RNA as internal standard. The diagram shows the relative amount of mRNA compared with the LPS stimulated control, which was set as 1. B, release of nitrite/nitrate in RAW 264.7 stimulated for 24 h with 10 g/ml LPS in the absence or presence of rofecoxib or 0.5 M dexamethasone (Dex). Nitrite/nitrate concentrations (mean S.E.M.) were measured by the Griess method (*, statistical significance mean difference, p = 0.05). C, effects of rofecoxib on the release of PGE2 (mean S.E.M.) in RAW264.7. Cells were treated as described above. PGE2 concentrations were measured by an enzyme immunoassay (*, statistical significance mean difference, p = 0.05).
Figure 4. Salicylate reduces cell viability and inhibits angiogenesis. Cell viability in the MTT assay is significantly decreased at 2 and 5 mM salicylate after 48 h, but there is no detectable change at 0.5 mM salicylate compared with carrier control (A). Apoptotic cells, detected by TUNEL staining, were significantly increased following 48 h treatment with 2 and 5 mM salicylate, but there was no increase at 0.5 mM salicylate compared with carrier control (B). Salicylate treatment caused a significant decrease in angiogenesis in the 3D collagen assay at 0.5, 2, and 5 mM, mirroring effects of aspirin at equimolar concentrations (C). Data, expressed as mean SE, were analyzed using Students t test. *Statistical significance at P < 0.0001 and #statistical significance at P < 0.02, compared with controls. Each figure represents 3 independent experiments.
RT-PCR