RECALL: Introduction to Materials

1. 2. 3. 4.

What is Materials Science? History and Materials Science Four Components of Materials Science and Engineering Economic and Environmental Considerations Considerations in choosing materials Factors in product component cost controlled by materials scientist/engineer Materials Life Cycle Life Cycle Assessment Recycling Issues

Classification of Materials

Topic 2: Classification of Materials

Classification of Materials
3 Basic: Metals Ceramics Polymers Other Classifications: Composites Semiconductors Biomaterials Smart Materials Nanomaterials

Three Basic Classification

(Metals, Ceramics, & Polymers)

Metals
Metallic elements (iron, copper, etc.) Alloys (metallic element + metallic element)

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/197/457746430_9d0172dcda_o.jpg

Ring: 75% copper, 25% nickel Center: 92% copper, 6% aluminum, 2% nickel

Properties
shiny luster grayish-silver color (except gold and copper) hardness (except sodium and calcium) good heat and electrical conductivity high melting and boiling points (except mercury) malleability (can be hammered into a sheet) ductility (can be pulled into a wire)

Metals

Hard

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-m-JKqIas3D4/TZ6gSsAE0tI/AAAAAAAAAKY/vMD_OXMcIE/s1600/lrt.jpg

Metals

Ductile and Malleable

A gold nugget of 5 mm in diameter (bottom) can be expanded through hammering into a gold foil of about 0.5 square meter. Toi museum, Japan.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Small_gold_nugg et_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_meter.jpg/170pxSmall_gold_nugget_5mm_dia_and_corresponding_foil_surface_of_half_sq_ meter.jpg

Metals

Electrical conductors

http://www.mindsetsonline.co.uk/images/Wires_by_metre.jpg

Metals

Good heat conductors

http://www.forcebeyondcapacity.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/cookware1.jpg

Metals

Opaque and reflective

http://www.ikonfx.com/sites/all/themes/ikonplc/img/IKONProducts/Products-Metals/metals01.jpg

Applications
coinage, jewelry, automobiles, structural components for buildings, hulls of large ships, etc.

Ceramics
compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides composed of clay minerals, cement and glass

Properties

typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments hard but brittle

Ceramics

Hard

http://image.made-in-china.com/4f0j00QefEjHkhsIoP/Ceramic-Sample-Stand.jpg

Ceramics

Brittle

http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/92534/large/C0028293-Cup_Plate_Smashing-SPL.jpg

Ceramics

Can withstand harsh environments

http://www.studiofoundry.com/BlankPage_clip_image042.jpg

Ceramics

electrically insulative
Ceramic insulators used in high voltage transmission lines.

http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/82545/large/C0018144-Ceramic_insulators-SPL.jpg

Applications
Insulators, aerospace, biomedical, construction, nuclear industries

Polymers
include the familiar plastic and rubber materials many are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements they have large molecular structures

 Watch video 1

Properties
low density may be extremely flexible Electrically insulative
Density = Mass Volume

Polymers

Low Density

http://www.bangkokpost.com/media/content/20111020/321351.jpg

Polymers

Flexible

http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/Commu nityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Poly mers1.jpg

Polymers

Electrically Insulative

http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00pCBQwKScQMks/Teflon-Insulation-Wire-Cable-AWM3122-.jpg

Polymers

Electrically Insulative

Conductive Polymers
http://www.polymersolutions.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/OLED-Conductive-

 Watch videos 2 to 3

Applications
Plastic bags, electrical and thermal insulation, toys, pipes, flooring, clothing, paints, adhesive

Other Classifications
Composites, Semiconductors, Biomaterials, Smart Materials, Nanoengineered Materials

Composites
are engineered materials that consist of more than one material type designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component material

 Watch videos 4 to 6

Properties
No general properties Depends on materials combined

Applications
Space shuttles, construction of pavement, highways, parking lots, armor

Soft body armor

http://www.howstuffworks.com/body-armor1.htm

Semiconductors
have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized electronics and computer industries

Applications
Integrated circuitry, electronics, computers

Semiconductors

Gallium arsenide

http://www.girmet.com/specfic ation_analysis/GaAs%20optica l%20grade.htm

http://innovativeblood.blogspot.com/2011/01/leds.html

Biomaterials
employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues

Applications
Cardiovascular (pacemakers, carbon in heart valves), cosmetic surgery, dental, orthopedic

Hip Implant

http://ehealthmd.com/content/what-hip-replacement

Bone cement

http://www.adventisthealthcare.com/adam/Surgery%20and%20Procedures/ 13/100204.html

Smart Materials
A smart material can be described as a material that has a useful response to external influences or stimuli.

There are many examples of smart materials in everyday use that are not modern developments they include; Metal springs Light bulbs self regulate because as The filament temperature increases their resistance rises Ancient civilisations have long used

porous ceramics for self regulating cooling

Wine Cooler

Smart Materials
Other more modern examples of smart materials include;
Shape memory polymers and alloys SmartAutomatic Wire actuators open/close greenhouse windows Smart Fluids
Thermostats for heating Actuators, linear, angular control and rotary
Anthromorphic actuation human like robotic motion Motion control gel CD tray opening/closing, camera lenses Heat shrink tubing and packaging

Chameleon Colours

Ferro fluids earthquake dampers in buildings, hard disks Car paints, printing inks, packaging

Smart Materials
Other more modern examples of smart materials include;
Polymorph
This is a unique polymer that fuses in hot water and can then be moulded to any form. When solid it has similar properties to nylon
Used to make the moulds for the vacuum formed seat and fuel tank of this motorcycle project

Smart Materials
Other more modern examples of smart materials include;
Thermocolour Sheet

This is a self adhesive sheet whose colour changes according to the temperature. Used for thermometers, heat warning patches and novelty advertising of products

Inactivated Finger Sheet changes placed Sheet on colour sheet according to temp

Smart Materials
Other more modern examples of smart materials include;
Phosphorescent Sheet

This is a sheet that absorbs light energy and re-emits it as white light for up to eight hours. Used extensively for emergency lighting in the event of a power cut

Nanoengineered Materials
the nano prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a nanometer (109 m) - as a rule, less than 100 nanometers (equivalent to approximately 500 atom diameters). E.g. Carbon nanotubes

 Watch videos 7-8

SUMMARY: Materials Classification Three Basic Classifications

Metals Ceramics Polymers

Properties
Applications

Other Classifications
Composites Semiconductors Biomaterials Smart Materials Nanoengineered Materials

References
Callister, William Jr. (2005) Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction (7th Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Castillon, Gwen B. (2013) Classification of Materials. A powerpoint presentation.