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Basic Principles of Power Generation

Basic Thermodynamics

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Basic Principles of Thermodynamics


Thermodynamics is the conversion of heat energy to work is performed by a cycle of processess thermodynamic cycle is defined as a process in which a working fluid undergoes a series of state changes and finally returns to its initial state basic cycles heat is transferred in boiler (heat addition) steam (heat energy) is converted to mechanical energy (turbine) (work done) steam is condensed back to water (in condenser) (cooling)
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Thermodynamics Laws

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics When two bodies in equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium. As a consequence, all three bodies share a common property, that is the temperature

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First Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is a law of energy conservation and it is based on experimental observations. It states that the amount of heat transferred into a syatem plus the amount of work done on the system must result in a corresponding increase of internal energy in the system. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

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Q = Q in - Q out W = W in - W out Q in + W in - Q out - W out = 0 Where Q in = Heat supply to the system through boiler W in = Boiler Feed Pump (BFP) work Q out = Heat rejected from the system by condenser W out = Turbine work
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Second Law of Thermodynamics Is sometimes called the law of entropy as it introduces the important property called entropy. Entropy can be thought of as a measure of how close a system is to equilibrium; it can also be thought of a measure of the disorder in the system. The second law define the direction which a specific thermal process can take place, and is sometimes given as a statement that precludes perpetual-motion machines of the second kind. You Cant Break Even. Loss of energy during the process.
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Simple Steam Rankine Cycle

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Simple Steam Rankine Cycle

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The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

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Steam Power Cycle

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Steam Water Cycle

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Diagrammatic Layout of a Condensing Steam Power Plant From the energy quantities shown Wout = Qin - Qrejected + Win (Q in - BFP - Boiler - Turbine - Condenser - Work - Q rejected)

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Rankine Cycle Processess


water heated at constant pressure ( Q in) evaporated to saturated vapour superheated to gas expended (in turbine) - heat energy is converted to mechanical energy (work) (W out) exhausted to condenser (heat rejection) (Q rejected) condensed

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The model cycle for vapor power cycles is the Rankine cycle which is composed of four internally reversible processes: 1. 2. 3. 4. constant-pressure heat addition in a boiler isentropic expansion in a turbine constant-pressure heat rejection in a condenser isentropic compression in a pump (Steam leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at the condenser pressure)

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The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle

(Fig. 9-11)

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Steam Cycle with Reheat

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Basic Gas Turbine Cycle

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Gas Turbine Operation P-V Diagram

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BRAYTON or JOULE CYCLE


1 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 Isentropic compression (compressor) Constant (Isobaric) heat addition (combustor) Isentropic expansion (turbine) Constant (Isobaric) heat rejection

COMBUSTOR

Qin

COMPRESSOR

TURBINE

COOLER

1
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Qout

4
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(T-s = Temperature-entropy: P-V = pressure-volume)


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Thermodynamics Processess

Isobaric Process the pressure of working fluid remains constant Isothermal process the temperature of working fluid remains constant. Isentropic Process the entropy of working fluid remains constant Isometric Process the volume of working fluid remains constant

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Adiabatic Process Is defined as a process in which no heat is supplied to or rejected from the working fluid. A reversible isontropic process is also an adiabatic process

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