Resistivity Log

Well Log
SP Resistivity
RESISTIVITY LOG
Most abundant data for formation evaluation and
determination of fluid saturations
TYPICAL RESISTIVITY LOG RESPONSE
RESISTIVITY LOG
With knowing of fluids resitivity,
we could identify the fluids
content (Gas, Oil, Water)
GR (API)
150 0
Sand
Sand
Gas/Oil
Water
Gas/Oil
Res (ohm-m) 20 0.2
Contact
GR
Res
IDEALIZED LOG SET
| = 0.30
| = 0.35
| = 0.07
R = 0.4
R = 0.3
R = 4
R = 8
Sand
Shale
FOUR COMPONENTS OF SANDSTONE
MATRIX
FRAMEWORK
(QUARTZ)
FRAMEWORK
(FELDSPAR)
CEMENT
PORE
Note different use of matrix
by geologists and engineers
0.25 mm
1. Framework
2. Matrix
3. Cement
4. Pores
Engineering
matrix
Geologists Classification
Ayers, 2001
FLUID SATURATIONS
Grain Water Gas Oil
Initially, water fills pores and wets the rock surface
Hydrocarbons migrate into the reservoir rock, displacing some water
Hydrocarbon distribution determined by gravity and capillary forces,
and by wettability
and matrix
RESISTIVITY
Resistivity

The voltage required to cause one amp to pass
through a cube having a face area of one
square meter

Units are ohm-m
2
/m; usually ohm-m (O.m)
ty Conductivi
1
y Resistivit =
RESISTIVITY OF EARTH MATERIALS
ty Conductivi
1
y Resistivit =
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

R
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
i
t
y

(1) Rock
(2) Gas
(3) Oil
(4) Fresh Water
(5) Salt Water
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y


Resistivity of water
Porosity of the formation,
Pore geometry - tortuosity
Lithology of the formation
Degree of cementation, and
Type and amount of clay in the rock
FACTOR AFFECTING RESISTIVITY
ELECTRICITY AND EARTH
MATERIALS
Conduction is by ions in water
Na
+
and Cl
-
are very common
Other monovalent ions K
+
and OH
-

Common bivalent ions: Ca
++
, Mg
++

Water resistivity
controlled by
Ion
concentrations
What type of ions
What temperature
Chart GEN-4 to
convert to NaCl
equivalent
Chart GEN-5 for
temperature/resist
for NaCl
Electricity and Earth Materials
Resistivity of NaCl Solutions
(GEN-5 H or GEN-9 S)
ARPS FORMULA
For constant solution
R
1
(T
1
+ 7) = R
2
(T
2
+ 7) (T in deg F)
R
1
(T
1
+ 21.5) = R
2
(T
2
+ 21.5) (T in deg C)

Example
Rm = 0.32 ohm-m @ surface (25 deg C)
What is Rm at 145 deg C?
R
2
= R
1
(T
1
+ 21.5)/(T
2
+ 21.5)
R
2
= 0.32(25+21.5)/(145+21.5) = 0.089 ohm-m
Check this on the chart!
ARCHIES FIRST LAW
As the salt water content increases, the formation
resistivity will decrease.
A rock containing oil or gas will have a higher
resistivity than the same rock completely saturated
with salt water.
As the shale content increases, the rock matrix will
become more conductive.
R
o
= Resistivity of a rock that is 100%
saturated with formation water
R
w
= Resistivity of formation water
R
o
= F R
w

F = Formation factor (formation resistivity
factor)
The formation factor (F) depends on:
Porosity of the formation;
Pore geometry;
Lithology of the formation;
Degree of cementation; and
Type and amount of clay in the rock.

FORMATION FACTOR
For a clean formation (no shale), the formation factor
can usually be empirically correlated with porosity.




a = constant ~ 1.0 for most formations
m = cementation factor ~ 2 for most formations
Common values
F = 0.8/|
2
(Tixier) or F = 0.62/|
2.15
(Humble) for
sandstones
F = 0.8/|
2
for carbonates
m
a
F
|
=
FORMATION FACTOR
Formation Resistivity Factor Versus Porosity
RELATION OF FORMATION FACTOR
TO VOLUMETRIC POROSITY
RESISTIVITY FACTOR TO SHALINESS
The formation factor (F) is constant for a clean sand;
F decreases for shaly sand as value of R
w
increases
If R
t
= R
0
, then the formation is 100%
saturated with formation water. If R
t
> R
o
,
then the formation contains oil or gas.
General formula:
t
m
w
t
w
t
o
n
w
R
R a
R
R F
R
R
S
|
* *
= = =
For clean sands, n = 2 is common.
Like a and m, n is measured in the lab.
ARCHIES SECOND LAW
LAB EVALUATION OF n
DRILLING DISTURBS FORMATION
Drilling and rock crushing
Damage zone
Mud systems and invasion
Oil based mud
Small conductivity mud
Shallow invasion
Thin cake
Water based mud
Moderate to very conductive
mud
Shallow to deep invasion
Thin to thick cake
Mudcake
Invading filtrate
Damaged zone
EFFECTS OF DRILLING AND
MUD FILTRATE INVASION
MUD FILTRATE INVASION
Modified from J. Jensen
Wellbore
Mud
(Rm)
Mud Cake
(Rmc)
Uninvaded
Zone
(R
t
)
Invaded
Zone (R
xo
)
Uninvaded
Zone
(R
t
)
Resistivity of zone
Resistivity of the water in the zone
Water saturation in the zone
R
1

R
s

R
s

R
w

S
w

R
m

Mud
h
mc

Flushed
zone Zone of
transition
or
annulus
d
i

d
j

Adjacent bed
Ar
j

d
h

Hole
diameter
Adjacent bed
h
d
h

Uninvaded
zone
(Bed
thickness)
(Invasion diameters)
S
xo

R
m1

R
xd

R
mc

Mudcake
After Schlumberger
SYMBOLS USED
IN LOG
INTERPRETATION
Borehole
Rm : Borehole mud resistivity
Rmc : Mudcake resistivity
Invaded zone
Rmf : Mud filtrate resistivity
Rxo : Invaded zone resistivity
Sxo : Invaded zone water saturation
Uninvaded zone
Rw : Interstitial water resistivity
Rt : Uninvaded zone resistivity
Sw : Uninvaded zone water saturation

COMMON TERMINOLOGY
SUMMARY - RESISTIVITY
Resistivity important property
Depends on ions in water
Water resistivity depends on
Concentration
Temperature
Species
Archies First Law relates rock resistivity to Rw
Archies Second Law relates Sw to Rt
Uninvaded Zone resistivity,Rt measurement is affected by:
Mud resistivity, Rm
Mudcake resistivity, Rmc
Flushed zone resistivity, Rxo
Three resistivity measurements are made to get an accurate
resistivity, Rt, since no tool can read uninvaded zone (as far
as 5-7 ft from borehole) resistivities without compromising
vertical resolution or being affected by flushed zone
resistivity, mud resistivity and mudcake resistivity.
Typical depths of investigation:
Resistivity Tool Depth of Investigation
Deep resistivity 5-7 feet.
Shallow resistivity 2-3 feet.
Micro resistivity A few inches ( 2~3 inches)
WHY 3 DIFFERENT RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS?
To obtain a value for Rt, we use of correction charts
The three resistivity measurements are corrected for the
presence of mud, mudcake and invasion effects and also
for other environmental factors like borehole size and tool
position in the borehole.

NOTE : When doing a Quicklook analysis on the wellsite, it
is common practice to use the deep measurement as an
approximate value for Rt and the shallow measurement an
approximation of Rxo.
CORRECTION CHARTS
There are two kinds of Resistivity tools :
Resistivity tools - Measure resistivity, eg.
Dual Laterolog
Conductivity tools - Measure conductivity,
eg. Array Induction
Tool

RESISTIVITY TOOLS
Deep and shallow measurement systems work
simultaneously - this is the dual aspect of the tool

Deep and shallow measurement systems operation at
different frequencies of and have different depths of
investigation

Both measurements maintain the same vertical
resolution of 2 feet

All currents (deep and shallow) are emitted
circumferentially from the tool in a disc pattern
RESISTIVITY TOOL: THE DUAL LATEROLOG
LLD-LLS CURRENT PATTERNS
t t xo xo m m LL
R J R J R J R + + =
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Where Jm, Jxo, Jt are geometric factors giving the
contribution of each zone to the resistivity read by the tool.
In the laterolog tool, the zones add up in series. The tool
responds therefore to the most resistive zone and hence
the DLL is used where:
Mud is saline or WBM (low resistivity); or
Formation is highly resistive.
A rule of thumb is to use the DLL when R
w
/R
t
>2.5
These tools provide conductivity measurements
They provide both deep and a shallow measurements
A transmitter coil with an alternating current passing
through it sets up an alternating magnetic field through the
borehole and formation. Faradays Law predicts that this
time varying field will establish an EMF in the formation that
causes current flow through the formation in circular paths.
Magnitude of these currents is proportional to the formation
conductivity.
Current loops produce their own magnetic fields that cut
through the receiver coil and induce an alternating voltage
at the receiver that is proportional to the strength of the
secondary magnetic field and, hence, the formation
conductivity.
CONDUCTIVITY TOOLS: INDUCTION TOOLS
INDUCTION TOOL OPERATION
There are current loops in the mud, in the mudcake, in the
invaded zone and in the uninvaded zone

Therefore, apparent conductivity read by the induction tool,
C
a
is:
t t xo xo m m a
C G C G C G C + + =
Measurements are corrected for the effects of the borehole
and other environmental effects

Tool responds to the most conductive medium surrounding
it, so we use an induction tool where we have:
Low salinity mud or OBM (low conductivity);
Low resistivity formations; or
Where R
w
/R
mf
> 2.5
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
SELECTING THE RESISTIVITY TOOL
Micro-resistivity has a very shallow depth of
investigation - approximately 2-3 inches.

Micro-resistivity is measured with tools like the
micro-spherically Focused Tool.

All three types of resistivity tools help determine Rt,
with the use of correction charts.
RESISTIVITY TOOL SUMMARY
RESISTIVITY TOOL
APPLICATIONS
Well to well correlation
S
xo
and S
w
computation
Presence and depth of hydrocarbons
Invasion profile analysis/Imaging
Rt
Ro
Rw
Cube of water
having resistivity,
Rw
Non-shaly rock, 100% saturated
with water having resistivity,
Rw
Rock containing pores saturated
with water and hydrocarbons
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

R
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
i
t
y
(1) Rock
(2) Gas
(3) Oil
(4) Fresh Water
(5) Salt Water
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

| = 100%
Sw = 100%
| = 20%
Sw = 100%
| = 20%
Sw = 20%
m
w
o
a
R
R
F
|
= =
SATURATION MEASUREMENT
FROM RESISTIVITY
xo
mf
m
n
xo
t
w
m
n
w
R
R
A
S
R
R A
S
=
=
|
|

Uninvaded Zone water
saturation


Invaded/Flushed zone water
saturation


Archies Law
n / 1
t
m
w
w
R
R a
S
VARIABLES DETERMINED
FROM WIRELINE LOGS
ARCHIES EQUATION
n
t
m
w
w
R
R a
S
Water
saturation,
fraction
w
S
Resistivity of
formation water,
O-m
w
R
Resistivity of
uninvaded
formation, O-m
t
R
Porosity,
fraction

Empirical constant
(usually near unity)
a
Saturation
exponent
(also usually
near 2)
n
Cementation
exponent
(usually near 2)
m
Archies equation is based on the following
relationships
HOW ARCHIES EQUATION WORKS
Rock type 1
Rock type 2
1000
100
10
1
.01 .1 1.0
|
F
R

Solving for Ro when
water saturation is 100%
m
w
o
a
R
R


Solving for Ro when
| is constant
HOW ARCHIES EQUATION WORKS
Rock type 1
Rock type 2
1000
100
10
1
.01 .1 1.0
S
w

I
R

=

R
t

R
0

n
w
o
t
S
1
R
R