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  • Konversi Asam Amino Menjadi Produk Khusus

    Transféré par

    9asmar
    38 vues11 pages
    1) Several amino acids can be converted into biologically active compounds through enzymatic reactions. For example, histidine is converted to histamine and tryptophan to serotonin. 2) Polyamines like spermine and spermidine are synthesized from ornithine. Melanin is formed from tyrosine. Catecholamines such as dopamine and epinephrine are derived from tyrosine. 3) GABA is formed from glutamate through decarboxylation. Creatine is synthesized from arginine and glycine in the kidney and transported to muscle.

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    1) Several amino acids can be converted into biologically active compounds through enzymatic reactions. For example, histidine is converted to histamine and tryptophan to serotonin. 2) Polyamines like spermine and spermidine are synthesized from ornithine. Melanin is formed from tyrosine. Catecholamines such as dopamine and epinephrine are derived from tyrosine. 3) GABA is formed from glutamate through decarboxylation. Creatine is synthesized from arginine and glycine in the kidney and transported to muscle.

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    38 vues11 pages

    Konversi Asam Amino Menjadi Produk Khusus

    Transféré par

    9asmar
    1) Several amino acids can be converted into biologically active compounds through enzymatic reactions. For example, histidine is converted to histamine and tryptophan to serotonin. 2) Polyamines like spermine and spermidine are synthesized from ornithine. Melanin is formed from tyrosine. Catecholamines such as dopamine and epinephrine are derived from tyrosine. 3) GABA is formed from glutamate through decarboxylation. Creatine is synthesized from arginine and glycine in the kidney and transported to muscle.

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    KONVERSI ASAM AMINO MENJADI PRODUK KHUSUS

    Histidine Metabolism: Histamine Formation


    H N + NH3 CH2 CHCO2 -

    Histidine decarboxylase
    CO2

    H N

    CH2 CH2 NH2

    Histidine

    Histamine

    Histamine: Synthesized in and released by mast cells Mediator of allergic response: vasodilation, bronchoconstriction (H1 receptors) H1 blockers: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Loratidine (Claritin) Stimulates secretion of gastric acid (H2 receptors)

    H2 blockers: Cimetidine (Tagamet); ranitidine (Zantac)

    Polyamine Biosynthesis
    + H3 NCH2 CH2 CH2 CHCO 2 Ornithine (from urea cycle)

    NH3+

    Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) (PLP-dep.)

    + H3N
    Putrescine

    + NH3

    CO2

    Decarboxylated SAM
    Spermidine synthase Spermine synthase
    + H3N

    H + H3N H + N H + N H
    5-Methylthioadenosine Decarboxylated SAM

    + NH3

    5-Methylthioadenosine
    H +N H + NH3

    Spermine

    Spermidine

    Tryptophan Metabolism: Serotonin Formation


    Indole ring
    + NH3 CH2 CHCO2 + NH3 CH2 CHCO2 -

    Trp hydroxylase HO
    N H

    CH2CH2NH2 HO

    Decarboxylase

    O2

    Tryptophan (Trp)

    5-Hydroxytryptophan

    N H

    N H

    CO2

    5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT); Serotonin

    Serotonin
    Serotonin formed in:
    Brain (neurotransmitter; regulation of sleep, mood, appetite) Platelets (platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction) Smooth muscle (contraction) Gastrointestinal tract (enterochromaffin cells - major storage site)

    Drugs affecting serotonin actions used to treat:


    Depression Migraine Schizophrenia Obsessive-compulsive disorders Chemotherapy-induced emesis

    Some hallucinogens (e.g., LSD) act as serotonin agonists

    Serotonin Metabolism: 5-HIAA


    CH2CH2NH2 HO N H
    CH2 CHO

    MAO

    HO N H

    Serotonin

    Dehydrogenase
    CH2CO2H HO

    Carcinoid tumors: Malignant GI tumor type Excretion of large amounts of 5-HIAA

    N H

    5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) (Urine)

    Serotonin Metabolism: Melatonin


    CH2CH2NH2 HO
    CH2 CH2 NHCOCH3 H3 CO N H

    2 Steps
    N H

    Serotonin

    Melatonin

    Melatonin: Formed principally in pineal gland Synthesis controlled by light, among other factors Induces skin lightening Suppresses ovarian function Possible use in sleep disorders

    Melanin Formation
    HO NH3+ CH2CHCO2-

    Tyrosinase

    HO NH3+ HO CH2CHCO2-

    Tyrosine

    DOPA Tyrosinase
    O

    Melanin (Black polymer)

    Highly colored polymeric intermediates

    CH2 CHCO2 + NH3

    Melanin formed in skin (melanocytes), eyes, and hair In skin, protects against sunlight Albinism: genetic deficiency of tyrosinase

    Dopaquinone

    Catecholamine Biosynthesis
    HO NH3+ CH2CHCO2Tyr hydroxylase

    HO

    Catechol

    NH3+
    O2

    HO

    CH2CHCO2-

    Tyrosine
    HO

    Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) DOPA decarboxylase Dopamine hydroxylase


    HO

    Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
    CHCH2NHCH3 OH
    S-Adenosylhomocysteine SAM Methyl transferase

    CO2

    HO

    HO

    HO

    CH2CH2NH2

    Dopamine
    HO CHCH2 NH2 OH

    DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are all neurotransmitters

    Norepinephrine

    GABA Formation
    NH3+
    -

    O 2 CCH 2 CH2 CHCO 2 Glutamate

    Glutamate decarboxylase

    NH3+
    -

    O 2 CCH 2 CH2 CH2


    Gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA)

    CO2

    GABA is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain Drugs (e.g., benzodiazepines) that enhance the effects of GABA are useful in treating epilepsy

    Creatine and Creatinine


    + H2 N=C-HNCH2 CH2 CH2 CHCO 2 NH2 NH3+
    Arginine-glycine transamidinase (Kidney)

    + H2 N=C-HNCH2 CO 2 Guanidoacetate
    SAM + ATP

    NH2

    Arginine
    H N

    Glycine

    Ornithine

    Creatinine (Urine)

    HN N CH3

    Guanidoacetate Methyltransferase (Liver) Non-enzymatic (Muscle)

    S-Adenosylhomocysteine + ADP

    Creatine

    NH2 + H2 N=C-NCH2 CO 2 CH3

    Creatine kinase (Muscle)

    + H2 N=C-NCH2 CO 2 CH3
    Phosphocreatine

    NHPO3-2

    ATP

    ADP + Pi

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