Antiderivatives and Indefinite

Integrals
The Antiderivative
The reverse operation of finding a derivative is called the
antiderivative. A function F is an antiderivative of a function f if
F (x) = f (x).

1) Find the antiderivative of f(x) = 5
Find several functions that have the derivative of 5
Answer: 5x; 5x+ 1; 5x -3;
2) Find the antiderivative of f(x) = x
2
Find several functions that have the derivative of x
2

Answer:

e x or x or x H +
3 3 3
3
1
;
3
1
;
3
1
Theorem 1:
If a function
has more than
one
antiderivative,
then the
antiderivatives
differ by at
most a
constant.
The graphs of antiderivatives are vertical
translations of each other.

For example: f(x) = 2x
Find several functions that are the antiderivatives
for f(x)

Answer: x
2
,
x
2
+ 1,
x
2
+ 3,
x
2
- 2,
x
2
+ c (c is any real number)
The symbol } is called an integral sign, and the function f (x) is
called the integrand. The symbol dx indicates that anti-
differentiation is performed with respect to the variable x.
By the previous theorem, if F(x) is any antiderivative of f, then


The arbitrary constant C is called the constant of integration.
Indefinite Integrals
}
+ = C x F dx x f ) ( ) (
Let f (x) be a function. The family of all functions that are
antiderivatives of f (x) is called the indefinite integral and has
the symbol
}
dx x f ) (
Indefinite Integral
Formulas and Properties
[ ]
+ =
=
+
+
=
+
dx ) x ( g dx ) x ( f dx ) x ( g ) x ( f . 3
dx ) x ( f k dx ) x ( f k . 2
1 n , C
1 n
x
dx x . 1
1 n
n
(power rule)
It is important to note that property 2 states that a constant
factor can be moved across an integral sign. A variable
factor cannot be moved across an integral sign.
Example 1:
A)





B)

}
= dx x
4
3
}
= dx 2 C x+ 2
C x C
x
+ = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
5
5
5
3
5
3

Example 1 (continue)
C)






} } }
+ = dx dx x dx x 1 3 2
2 5
}
= + dx x x ) 1 3 2 (
2 5
C x
x x
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
3
3
6
2
3 6
C x x x + + =
3 6
3
1
Example 2
A)






} }

= dx x dx x
4
3
2
3 2
}
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
dx
x
x
4
3
2
3
2
C
x x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

3
3
3
5
2
3
3
5
} }

= dx x dx x
4
3
2
3 2
C x x + + =
3
3
5
5
6
C
x
x + + =
3
3
5
1
5
6
Example 2 (continue)
B)






}
= dw w
5
3
4
}
= dw w
5 3
4
C
w
+
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
5
8
4
5
8
C x + =
5
8
2
5
Example 2 (continue)
C)






} }
= xdx dx x 8
2
}
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

dx
x
x x
2
3 4
8
C
x x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
8
3
2 3
( )
}
= dx x x 8
2
C x
x
+ =
2
3
4
3
Example 2 (continue)
D)






} }
=

dx x dx x
2
1
3
1
6 8
}
= |
.
|

\
|
dx
x
x
6
8
3
C
x x
+
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
6
3
4
8
2
1
3
4
C x x + = 12 6
3
4
Example 2 (continue)
E)






} } } }
+ = dx xdx dx x dx x 6 2 3
2 3
}
= + dx x x ) 3 )( 2 (
2
C x
x x x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = 6
2
2
3
3
4
2 3 4
( )
}
= + dx x x x 6 2 3
2 3
C x x x
x
+ + = 6
4
2 3
4
Example 3
Find the equation of the curve that passes through (2,6) if its
slope is given by dy/dx = 3x
2
at any point x.

The curve that has the derivative of 3x
2
is


Since we know that the curve passes through (2, 6), we can find out C

}
= dx x
2
3
C x y + =
3
C x C
x
+ = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
3
3
3
3
C + =
3
2 6
C + =8 6
2 = C
Therefore, the equation is y = x
3
- 2
Example 4
Find the revenue function R(x) when the marginal revenue is
R(x) = 400 - .4x and no revenue results at a 0 production
level. What is the revenue at a production of 1000 units?

The marginal revenue is the derivative of the function so to find the
revenue function, we need to find the antiderivative of that function



So R(x) = 400x -.2x
2
, we now need to find R(1000)

}
= dx x) 4 . 400 (
2
2
2 . 400
2
4 . 400 x x C
x
x = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
000 , 200 ) 1000 ( 2 . ) 1000 ( 400 ) 1000 (
2
= = R
Therefore, the revenue at a production level of 1000 units is P200,000
} }
xdx dx 4 . 400
Example 5
The current monthly circulation of the magazine is 640,000 copies. Due
to the competition from a new magazine, the monthly circulation is
expected to decrease at a rate of M(t)= -6000t
1/3
copies per month, t is
the # of months. How long will it take the circulation of the magazine to
decrease to 460,000 copies per month?
We must solve this equation: M(t) = 460,000 with M(0) = 640,000
To find the functionM(t), take the antiderivative





}
= dt t
3
1
6000
C t C
t
+ = +
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

3
4
3
4
4500
3
4
6000
C 000 , 640
C 0 4500 000 , 640
C 0 4500 ) 0 ( M
3
4
3
4
=
+ =
+ =
000 , 640 t 4500 ) t ( M
3
4
+ =
( )
t
t
t
t
t
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
+ =
9 . 15
40
40
4500 000 , 180
000 , 640 4500 000 , 460
4
3
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
So, it takes about 16 months
Answer the following:
Page 272-273: #s 21, 32, and 35
Page 281: #31
Page 381: #s 7, 8, & 12
Page 382-383:#s44 and 55.

Note: Submission is on
Thursday(May23,2013)