ISDN Basics

ISDN Training / ISDN Basics
ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #
ISDN Training / ISDN Basics

Introduction to ISDN ISDN Network Architecture ISDN Protocols ISDN Customer Premises equipment Supplementary services Corporate Networks
Introduction to ISDN
Definition ISDN Story Benefits ISDN Interfaces
Introduction to ISDN / Definition
Integrated
ISDN is a global network for data and voice transfer
Services
ISDN is a wide offer of services (Bearer services, Teleservices,Supplementary services)
Digital
ISDN offers end to end digital integrity to the end-users
Network
Transmission capabilities provided by the network 64 kbits/s for data transmission speech 3.1 KHz audio Packet switched data (X.25)
End to end Application (terminal equipment functions) Telephone Videotex Fax group 3 and group 4 videotext ......
Value Added services to the ISDN core services additional network functions subscriber network information filtering
CUG, UUS, HOLD, CLI, CF, TP, AOC ...
Phone
Analog Interface
PSTN
Fax G3
Leased Line
Host Computer
PSPDN
Data Terminal
Telex
TELEX
Phone
Fax G3
001101110110
NT1
Host Computer
ISDN
Data Terminal
NT1: Network Termination
Telex
Introduction to ISDN / ISDN story
1937: Pulse Code Modulation (voice sampling and digitalization theory) 1960: Introduction of digital transmission between the exchanges (PCM30) 1971: First work of CCITT (ITU) on Integrated Services (digital) Network 1970/1980: Introduction of digital exchanges in most of operator networks. 1984-1988: CCITT defines the digitalization of the subscriber line in its Red Book and Blue Book 1984-1987: first trials on different countries (UK, France, US and Germany). Lack of standardization => Creation of national standards
1988: European Telecommunications Standards Institute is created and helps at ISDN standardization process
April 1989: a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is signed by 26 operators from 20 European countries.
Definition of common user/network interfaces (BRA and PRA) Agreement on services and supplementary services by each signatory Opening of the following services based on common standard before 1994 Bearer services: - unrestricted 64 kbits/s circuit mode - 3.1 kHz audio circuit mode Supplementary services: - Calling Line Identification Presentation and Restriction (CLIP/CLIR) - Multiple Subscriber Numbers (MSN) - Direct Dialling In (DDI) - Terminal Portability (TP)
1990: Definition of a new standard for the support of international ISDN and based on CCITT SS7. This protocol is called TUP+ (Transfer User Part). 1991: Definition of ISDN user part (ISUP) for the support of supplementary services on international ISDN. 1990-1996: Definition of ETSI supplementary services (EDSS1 protocol). 1993: 14 countries offer international ISDN. 1998: 59 operators in 50 countries offer international ISDN.
ITU-T (CCITT): International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication (I series for ISDN) ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETS) ISO: International Standardization Organisation (protocol definition)
Introduction to ISDN / Benefits
Re-use of existing local loop for BRA High Speed Transmission (144 kbit/s to 2.048 Mbit/s) Digital Quality (reliability and safety) Services Integration on a standardized interface Enhanced signalling for a larger services offer International standardization Simple wiring
Introduction to ISDN / ISDN interfaces
Access to ISDN thanks to standardized user interfaces Based on digital technology and switching Two main user-network interfaces
- Basic Rate Interface (or Access) - Primary Rate Interface (or Access)
D Channel 16 Kbit/s signalling, low transfer rate data

B Channel 64 Kbit/s speech , text, data, pictures B Channel 64 Kbit/s speech , text, data, pictures
D B1
B2
Basic Rate Interface or Access / BRA (2B+D S0/T0 192 Kbps) Two B channels for user voice or data information (64 Kbps) in circuit mode provide end-to-end digital transmission service. One D channel reserved for control, signalling data and low rate application (X.25/D in packet mode) at 16 Kbps.
D Channel 64 Kbit/s signalling, low transfer rate data B Channel 64 Kbit/s speech , text, data, pictures B Channel 64 Kbit/s speech , text, data, pictures B Channel 64 Kbit/s speech , text, data, pictures B Channel 64 Kbit/s speech , text, data, pictures
D B1
B2
B...
B30
23 to 30 B channels
Primary Rate Access / PRA 30B+D ( S2 2.048 Mbps) 30 B channels (timeslots) in Europe and 23 B channels in USA and Japon for user voice or data information (64 Kbps) provide end-to-end transmission service. Agregation of B channels on demand (384, 1920 kbps) One D channel for signalling, control and packet data (TS=16 at 64 Kbps)
ISDN Network Architecture

Local loop / Digital subscriber Line / Reference points U interface Basic Rate Interface (Access) Primary Rate Interface (Access) Bus configuration (PP, PMP)

Higher level Functions
ISDN interface
Terminal S/T
Circuit Network Access Exchange Packets Exchange Network Access
ISDN interface
S/T Terminal
user-network signalling
SS7 signalling channel
user-user
signalling
ISDN
Reference Points
R S T U V
Local Exchange TE1
or
TE2
P.C.
NT2
4 wire
NT1
2 wire
LT
ET
TA
Terminal PABX PUBLIC NETWORK PUBLIC NETWORK (U.S)
I S D N
PRIVATE NETWORK
TE1 TE2 TA NT1 LT
Terminal equipment type 1 (ISDN compliant) Terminal equipment type 2 (non ISDN compliant) Terminal Adapter Network termination 1 NT2 Line Termination ET
Network termination 2 (Optional) Exchange Termination
Customer Premises
Digital Subscriber Line (copper pairs)
Operator Premises (Local Exchange) LT U Interface Exchange
NT1 4 wire S/T Interface U Interface
Repeater 2 wire
- Two line codes:
2B1Q: the most spread: used in all European countries (except Germany) and in USA Principle: Converts Two binary digits into one quaternary element
+3
Binary 00 01 10 11
2B1Q -3 -1 +3 +1
+1
-1
-3 4B3T: Only used in Germany Principle: Converts Four binary digits into three ternary digits (3 levels) - Only one equipment can be connected to the U interface (Point to Point configuration) - U interface is only standardized at Basic Rate Access
NT1 2 B Channels
LT
D Channel
Bit timing Octet timing Frame alignment Activation
Deactivation
Power feeding Operations and maintenance
All the D and B channels information plus additional information for maintenance 1,5 ms (160 Kbits/s) FW/IFW
18 bits
12 * (2B+D) = 216 bits

216 bits
CL
6 bits
FW : Frame Word IFW: Inverted Frame Word

CL: Channel for operation and maintenance
Embedded Operation Channel (EOC): specific operations between the network and NT1 for maintenance (loop commands, sending of corrupted information ...)
Activation and deactivation commands and indicators (ACT, DEA, SAI, UOA)
NT1 Power feeding status Cyclic Redundancy Check: for transmission error detection
Far End Block Error (FEBE)
Phone Fax G3
TA
S0
T0
2 B+D NT2 4 wire NT1 2 wire
ISDN
Computer
Basic Rate Access installation

- Signalling and data informations are separated in ISDN protocol. - The D channel supports signalling for all equipments connected on the BRA Access (up to eight). - BRA allows the customer to set-up two communications at the same time. - Mainly used by small compagnies and residential market (Small Office/Home Office) BRA : Point to Point and Point to Multi-point configurations
T2 Telephony network
30 B+D NT1
ISDN
Server NT2 (PBX)
Computer Network
Primary Rate Access installation for large facilities
PRA access are mainly used for PBX (Private Branch Exchange) connection and company needs PRA = Point to Point configuration Layer 1 is permanent
T2
U2
NT2 NT1
PBX
LT
30B + D
ET
Point to Point Link
LOCAL EXCHANGE
Primary Rate Access installation in Point to Point configuration
S/T
2B + D
NT1 LT
ET
Point to Point Link
LOCAL EXCHANGE
Basic Rate Access installation in Point to Point configuration
S/T
2B + D
NT1 LT
ET
Point to Multi-Point Link
LOCAL EXCHANGE
Basic Rate Access installation in Point to Multi-Point configuration
OSI Model D-Channel Protocol Protocols over the B channel (PPP/MLP, IP, TCP, HTTP)
ISDN Protocols / OSI Model
Open System Interconnection defined by ISO (International Standard Organisation) OSI model defines system interconnection thanks to 7 different layers Each Layer provides a specific service to the upper layer ISDN User Network interface is based on the OSI reference model
APPLICATION LAYER
Layer specific to each application (User interface etc ...) Data formatting
User Layers
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
Session management (opening and closing session)... End to end or terminal to terminal layer (Rates adaptation ...) Basic Call Control: routing (address solving), call establishment and release ...
TRANSPORT LAYER
Low Layers
NETWORK LAYER
DATA LAYER
Procedure for link establishment, digits assembling into frames with error detection and correction. High Level Data Link Control
Signal characteristics, pulse amplitude, line coding, transmission rates connectors ...
PHYSICAL LAYER
User to User Signalling
B Channel
Application 7 Presentation 6 Session 5 Transport Network Data Link Physical 4 3 2 1
Network signaling (SS7)
B Channel
User/Network
User/Network
D Channel NT
LT
ISDN
LT NT
D Channel
User A
User B
ISDN OSI Model Application
ISDN Protocols / D-Channel Protocol
Breaks up into four areas: mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural and provides a mechanism by which a terminal can transmit data to the network
Conforms to CCITT Recommendation I.430 Multi-point bus: up to 8 terminals may be connected Power feeding: terminals are generally powered by the NT Activation/Deactivation procedure to save energy. The bus is activated only when a communication has to be established.
250 s (48 bits - 192 Kbits/s)
M M
B1Channel
M M M
B2Channel
B1Channel
B2Channel
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
Multiframing Bit for managment and maintenance D Channel Bit

B1Channel
B Channel Bits
4 Wire S/T bus: Two wire: emission Two wire: reception BRA: Power supply (PS1) is provided in phantom mode over those wires. Optional at BRA: Two wires: optional power supply (PS2) Two wires: used for providing power supply to other terminal
TE
NT
Conforms to CCITT Recommendation I.431 Point-to-point link Permanent Layer 1 Frames conform to G.703 and G.704 Recommendations
125 s (256 bits - 2.048 Mbits/s)

Timeslot 0 Synch. 8 bits Timeslot 1 B Channel 8 bits Timeslot 2 B Channel 8 bits Timeslot 16 D Channel 8 bits Timeslot 30 B Channel 8 bits Timeslot 31 B Channel 8 bits
Based on CCITT Q.921 recommandation Establishes, maintains and releases the data link connection and provides error-free transmission using error detection and flow control. Ensures that messages are delivered in the correct order without loss or duplication. Based on High Level Data Link procedure for the D channel (LAPD) acts as a carrier for LAYER 3 information same procedure for both PRA and BRA interfaces
01111110 SAPI C/R EA0
OPENING FLAG Service Access Point Identifier
TEI
N(S) N(R) LAYER 3 Information
EA1
Terminal Endpoint identifier

Next Frame to send Next Frame to receive
FCS byte 1
FCS byte 2 01111110
Frame Check Sequence CLOSING FLAG
Two main information: Service Access Point Identifier (SAPI): identify the service for which the signalling frame is intended for.
SAPI Values 0 16 63 Call Control Procedure Packet Communication Layer 2 Management procedure
Terminal endpoint identifier (TEI): is a specific information which identifies clearly each terminal connected on the bus and allows the network to manage several LAPs at the same time.
ISDN Protocols / D-Channel Protocol SAPI gives access to the Layer 3

Layer 3 L3 ISDN Protocol X.25 Protocol
Layer 2
SAPI 0
Layer 2 data frames
SAPI 63
TEIManagement
SAPI 16
X.25 data
Layer 1
TEI can be set by the user or automatically by the network
TEI ranges 0-63 64-126 127 Non-automatic TEI assignments Automatic TEI assignments Global TEI for broadcast
Automatic assignment is a specific negociation phase between the network and the terminal which occurs each time the terminal whishes to establish a LAP.
S/T TEI 64 TEI 64
TEI 65
2B + D
NT1 TEI 127 Point to Multi-Point Link
TEI 66
INFORMATION
For the upper layer according to the SAPI value. Flow control and supervisory functions. Transfer and control function (LAP establishment and release).
IFRAME
SUPERVISORY
RR, RNR, REJ
UNUMBERED
SABME, UA, DISC, DM, FRMR
exception : the Unumbered Information frames contain information mainly for broadcast
TE
NT
Establishment and control of connexions between the
exchange and the terminal. Conveyed inside Layer 2 frames Two parts: Basic call control based on CCITT Q.931 (circuit-switched calls) Supplementary services based on CCITT Q.932 and further described in ETSI standards for DSS1 protocol
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Byte 1 Protocol Discriminator 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Call Ref. Lg Byte 2 Call Reference Value 0 Message Type Information Elements ( CHI, BC, Add, Cause..) Identifies messages relating to a call or a facility registration Describes the function of the message Other information required to perform the function and defined in the message format Identifies the protocol 08 for protocol compliant with Q.931 standard
Byte 3
Byte 4 .....
Q.931 Signalling message structure

Group 1 0000001 0000010
Call establishment messages

ALERTing CALL PROCeeding Calling subscriber Establishing of call Connection Ack. Of connection Establish. in progress
0000111CONNECT 0001111 CONNECT ACKnowledge 0000011 PROGRESS
0000101
0001101
SETUP
SETUP ACK
Request call establish.

Request received

Group 2
0100100 HOLD 0101000 HOLD ACKnowledge 0110000 HOLD REJect 0100110 RESUME 0101110 RESUME ACKnowledge 0100010 RESUME REJect 0110001 RETRIEVE 0110011 RETRIEVE ACKnowledge 0110111 RETRIEVE REJect 0100101 SUSPEND 0101101 SUSPEND ACKnowledge 0100001 SUSPEND E REJect 0100000 USER INFOrmation
Call Information Phase

Holding a call Ack. Of Holding Reject Of Holding Resume a call (TP service) ACK. Of resume (TP service) Reject Resume (TP service) Retrieve a call (HOLD service) ACK. Of Retrieve (HOLD service) Reject Retrieve (HOLD service) Suspend a call (TP service) ACK. Of Suspend (TP service) Reject Suspend (TP service) User information

Group 3
1000101 DISConnect 1000110 RESTART 1001110 RESTART ACKnowledge 1001101 RELEASE 1011010 RELEASE COMPlete
Call Clearing Messages

Disconnect a call Restart interface or channel ACK. Of restart Release a call Call is released
Group 4
1100010 FACility 1111011 INFOrmation 1101110 NOTIFY 1100100 REGISTER 1100000 SEGMENT 1111101 STATUS 1110101 STATUS ENQuiry
Miscellaneous Messages
Flow control Facility message Information messages Call information (suspended, transfer ) Register of info Segment of Message Status of the Call State Enquiry of Call State
1111001 CONGESTION Control

SETUP SETUP ACK INFORMATION Calling TE CALL PROCEEDING ALERTING
E T
ET
Called TE
SS7 protocol - TUP+ - ISUP

SETUP ALERTING CONNECT
CONNECT CONNECT ACK

B CHANNEL ALLOCATED FOR COMMUNICATION
CONNECT ACK
DISCONNECT RELEASE REL. COMPL
DISCONNECT RELEASE REL. COMPL
Bearer Capability, Channel Identification, Display, Keypad, Calling Party number, Calling Party Sub-address, Called Party number, Called Party Sub-address, Low Layer compatibility, High Layer compatibility, Facility, user-user information .....
ISDN Protocols / B-Channel Protocols
Once Connect Ack is received, B channel is opened according specified Bearer. .

specified inside the SETUP message)
(BC
Voice / Telefony
B channel
or
Data
0101110011
ISDN Protocols / B-Channel Application
A-Law (Europe) -Law (USA)
Voice sampling and coding
B channel
0101110011
0101110011
CODEC
ISDN Protocols / B-Channel application
FTP TCP
FTP TCP IP PPP ISDN ISDN B channel Ethernet

Router
IP
PPP B channel
IP
Ethernet
ISDN
NT1
S/T
Mail server
LAN
Router
ISDN Protocols / B-Channel application
T.563, T.521, T.503 T.6 T.62 T.70 ISO 8208 X.75 LAPB B channel ISDN ISDN
T.563, T.521, T.503 T.6 T.62 T.70 ISO 8208 X.75 LAPB B channel
ISDN
FAX G4
NT1
NT1
Customer Premises Equipement
Network Termination/NT-AB Private Automatic Branch exchange Terminal Equipements
ISDN Supplementary Services
ISDN offers supplementary services as those which are available on PABX or on private networks => gives a direct access to enhanced network function from a simple TE.
The following supplementary services are standardized by the ETSI organization: Number Identification services MSN DDI SUB CLIP/CLIR COLP/COLR MCID Multiple Subscriber Number Direct Dialling In Sub-Adressing Calling Line Identification Presentation/Restriction Connected Line Identification Presentation/Restriction Malicious Call Identification
Call Offering Services

TP CFU CFB CFNR CD MCID Terminal Portability Call Forwarding Unconditional Call Forwarding Busy Call Forwarding No Reply Call Deflection Malicious Call Identification
Call Completion Services CW HOLD CCBS Call Waiting Call Hold Call Completion to Busy Subscriber
Multiparty
CONF 3PTY ECT Conference Call Three-Party service Explicit Call Transfer
Community of interest
CUG Charging services Closed User Group
AOC-S/D/E
Advice of charge
UUS
User to User signalling
Two Layers 3 activation modes for supplementary services:

1)- Stimulus signalling mode (keypad protocol and feature key management) - keypad protocol uses the keypad information element in order to activate service in INFORMATION message - Feature activation, deactivation and indication are conveyed in INFORMATION message in order to activate/deactivate services. USER NETWORK
INFORMATION *32*2345#
INFORMATION Feature Activation 4
2)- General Functional protocol (Q.932 and ETSI specification) - Based on the used of the FACILITY message and FACILITY information element - uses ASN.1 syntax - specific layer 3 messages for HOLD and TP services. USER FACILITY IE[Serv.Invoke] FACILITY IE[Serv.Return Result] FACILITY IE[Serv.Return Reject] FACILITY IE[Serv.Return Error] NETWORK
Corporate/ Private Networks
ISDN
PBX 2 PBX 1 FIXED LINKS
PBX 3
Interconnection of several sites Corporate networks in order for security and money savings
Corporate/ Private Networks

PBX 2 PBX 1
Q.SIG
PBX 3
Standardization or inter-PABX protocol Q.SIG by the ECMA (European Computer Manufacturer Association). Q.SIG protocols is the standard for inter PBX communication and has been standardized by ISO and ETSI organizations Most of the manufacturers are now using Q.SIG as a platform for the development of inter-PBX functions (CorNet-NQ ....) ISDN PBX Networking Specification: Alcatel, Ascom, ATT, Bosch, Ericsson, GPT, Italtel, ICC, Matra Communication, Nortel, Philips, Siemens AG.

ISDN Basics

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ISDN Basics

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ISDN Training / ISDN Basics

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

ISDN Training / ISDN Basics

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Definition ISDN Story Benefits ISDN Interfaces

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Introduction to ISDN / Definition

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Introduction to ISDN / Definition

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Introduction to ISDN / Definition

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Introduction to ISDN / Definition

NT1: Network Termination

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Introduction to ISDN / ISDN story

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Introduction to ISDN / ISDN story

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Introduction to ISDN / ISDN story

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Introduction to ISDN / ISDN story

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Introduction to ISDN / Benefits

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Introduction to ISDN / ISDN interfaces

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

D Channel 16 Kbit/s signalling, low transfer rate data

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

ISDN Network Architecture

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

ISDN Network Architecture

Circuit Network Access Exchange Packets Exchange Network Access

SS7 signalling channel

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

ISDN Network Architecture

TE1 TE2 TA NT1 LT

Network termination 2 (Optional) Exchange Termination

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

ISDN Network Architecture

Digital Subscriber Line (copper pairs)

Operator Premises (Local Exchange) LT U Interface Exchange

NT1 4 wire S/T Interface U Interface

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

ISDN Network Architecture

- Two line codes:

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

ISDN Network Architecture

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

ISDN Network Architecture

12 * (2B+D) = 216 bits

FW : Frame Word IFW: Inverted Frame Word

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

ISDN Network Architecture

Far End Block Error (FEBE)

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

2 B+D NT2 4 wire NT1 2 wire

Basic Rate Access installation

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #

Server NT2 (PBX)

Primary Rate Access installation for large facilities

ISDN Strategy - June 2001 - Bertrand Pinel #