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  • Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

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    Nm5793
    45 vues27 pages
    The two petroleum crises of 1973 and 1978 brought the scientists to think seriously for alternative fuels. All the petroleum fuels are concentrated in a small group of nations and they started controlling the whole economy of the world. Therefore, efforts are made throughout the world to find and develop renewable energy sources, which will be available at all, places of the world. The fig. shows the fraction of world energy needs supplied by different sources in the past and projections for future. The invisible decline in the proportions supplied by main fossil fuels, coal, petroleum and natural gas in future is evident. They provide us, at the most, a breathing period of some decades in which in which renewable energy sources have to be developed. The above realisation has spurred vigorous efforts all over the world to find and develop renewable energy sources to replace petroleum fuels, which will be available to all. Rapidly depleting petroleum resources, escalating oil prices and growing means of air pollution caused by petroleum fueled vehicles are some of the reasons for concerted quest for an alternative fuel for automobile. Synthetic fuels like ethanol and methanol are considered possible fuels to replace petroleum fuels in future. Alcohol, both ethanol and methanol, have been moderately successful as mixture of alcohols and gasoline. But ethanol resources are inadequate to have an impact on the probable future requirements. Methanol, owing to its potential availability as a product of coal conversion, continues to command considerable interest. But both alcohols release CO2on combustion, which because of its density will accumulate at terrestrial levels and will cause Green House Effect. Some hundreds of years ago, science fiction writer Jules predicted that water world be used one day as fuel furnishing inexhaustible source of energy. This prediction is going to be true in near future as it is inexhaustible source

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    The two petroleum crises of 1973 and 1978 brought the scientists to think seriously for alternative fuels. All the petroleum fuels are concentrated in a small group of nations and they started controlling the whole economy of the world. Therefore, efforts are made throughout the world to find and develop renewable energy sources, which will be available at all, places of the world. The fig. shows the fraction of world energy needs supplied by different sources in the past and projections for future. The invisible decline in the proportions supplied by main fossil fuels, coal, petroleum and natural gas in future is evident. They provide us, at the most, a breathing period of some decades in which in which renewable energy sources have to be developed. The above realisation has spurred vigorous efforts all over the world to find and develop renewable energy sources to replace petroleum fuels, which will be available to all. Rapidly depleting petroleum resources, escalating oil prices and growing means of air pollution caused by petroleum fueled vehicles are some of the reasons for concerted quest for an alternative fuel for automobile. Synthetic fuels like ethanol and methanol are considered possible fuels to replace petroleum fuels in future. Alcohol, both ethanol and methanol, have been moderately successful as mixture of alcohols and gasoline. But ethanol resources are inadequate to have an impact on the probable future requirements. Methanol, owing to its potential availability as a product of coal conversion, continues to command considerable interest. But both alcohols release CO2on combustion, which because of its density will accumulate at terrestrial levels and will cause Green House Effect. Some hundreds of years ago, science fiction writer Jules predicted that water world be used one day as fuel furnishing inexhaustible source of energy. This prediction is going to be true in near future as it is inexhaustible source

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    45 vues27 pages

    Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

    Transféré par

    Nm5793
    The two petroleum crises of 1973 and 1978 brought the scientists to think seriously for alternative fuels. All the petroleum fuels are concentrated in a small group of nations and they started controlling the whole economy of the world. Therefore, efforts are made throughout the world to find and develop renewable energy sources, which will be available at all, places of the world. The fig. shows the fraction of world energy needs supplied by different sources in the past and projections for future. The invisible decline in the proportions supplied by main fossil fuels, coal, petroleum and natural gas in future is evident. They provide us, at the most, a breathing period of some decades in which in which renewable energy sources have to be developed. The above realisation has spurred vigorous efforts all over the world to find and develop renewable energy sources to replace petroleum fuels, which will be available to all. Rapidly depleting petroleum resources, escalating oil prices and growing means of air pollution caused by petroleum fueled vehicles are some of the reasons for concerted quest for an alternative fuel for automobile. Synthetic fuels like ethanol and methanol are considered possible fuels to replace petroleum fuels in future. Alcohol, both ethanol and methanol, have been moderately successful as mixture of alcohols and gasoline. But ethanol resources are inadequate to have an impact on the probable future requirements. Methanol, owing to its potential availability as a product of coal conversion, continues to command considerable interest. But both alcohols release CO2on combustion, which because of its density will accumulate at terrestrial levels and will cause Green House Effect. Some hundreds of years ago, science fiction writer Jules predicted that water world be used one day as fuel furnishing inexhaustible source of energy. This prediction is going to be true in near future as it is inexhaustible source

    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme PPT, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
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    sur 27

    MECHANICAL

    PRESENTATION OVERVIEW

    GLOBAL WARMING
    TODAYS SERIOUS ISSUE INFRONT OF US & NEED THINKING ON IT.

    ITS EFFECT
    RECENT RECORDS SHOW THAT OUR CLIMATE IS GETTING WARMER.

    POLLUTION
    MOST SCIENTIST THINK THAT THE MAIN REASON FOR GLOBAL WARMING IS
    THIS IS THE PRESENT SCENARIO ANY WHERE IN THE WORLD . i.e. POLUTION IS GLOBAL ISSUE

    HERE IS THE GRAPH WHICH SHOWS THE POLLUTION FOR VARIOUS SECTORS.

    FOLLOWING TABLE REPRESENTS THE STATISTICS OF POLLUTION FOR 2020


    SECTORS POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY AMOUNT OF POLLUTION (million tones of CO2) 14000 4000

    TRANSPORT
    OTHER TRANSPORT OTHER SERVICES

    7000
    2000 5000

    NOW ITS TIME TO SAVE THE EARTH

    CAN HYDROGEN IC ENGINE SOLUTION FOR IT?

    HYDROGEN AS FUEL
    COMBUSTIVE

    PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN ENERGY CONTENT AVALIBILITY OTHER BI-PRODUCT CLEAN HYDROGEN ECONOMY

    PROPETIES OF HYDROGEN
    WIDE
    HIGH

    RANGE OF FLAMMABILITY

    AUTO IGNITION TEMPRATURE

    LOW

    IGNITION ENERGY
    DIFFUSIVITY

    HIGH

    ENERGY CONTENT
    HERE IS THE GRAPH SHOWS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ENERGY ECONOMY OF PETROL & HYDROGEN.
    ABOUT THE SPECIFIC ENEGY HYDROGEN IS HAVING MORE SPECIFIC ENERGY THAN ANY OTHER FUEL SOURCE. i.e. 141 (kj/g)

    AVALIBILITY
    THE GRAPH SHOWS THAT HYDROGEN WILL AVAILABLE UPTO 2100.

    BI-PRODUCTS
    THE GRAPH SHOWS THAT BIPRODUCTS ARE THERE IN PETROL & IN CASE OF HYDROGEN NO SUCH BIPRODUCTS ARE PRESENT

    CLEAN HYDROGEN ECONOMY


    Hydrogen production H2 (gas) Hydrogen storage
    high-pressure cryogenic tanks chemical reactions

    H2 (compressed)

    H2 (liquid)

    H (solid chemicals)

    Hydrogen utilization
    IC or Hybrid engine H2/O2 Fuel cell

    Zeroemission vehicle

    HYDROGEN IC ENGINE
    WHY

    HYDROGEN FOR IC ENGINE? FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEM CRANKCASE VENTILATION THERMAL EFFICIENCY EMISSION ADVANTAGES

    WHY H2 FOR IC ENGINE?


    WHEN TALKING ABOUT HYDROGEN AS A FUEL FOR TRAFFIC APPLICATIONS, MOST PEOPLE MAKE THE LINK TO FUEL CELLS. WHY? WHY NOT A MORE REALISTIC LINK TO INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES? AT THE MOMENT THE ESTIMATION OF THE NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES IS ABOUT 800 MILLION.

    FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEM

    DIRECT IGNITION
    TECHNIACALLY SOPHISTICATED INTAKE VALVE IS CLOSED WHEN FUEL IS INJECTED. AVOID PREMATURE IGNITION AVOID BACK FIRE POWER OUTPUT > 20% GASOLINE ENGINE PRESSURE 10-200 bar

    CRYOGENIC PORT IGNITION


    FUEL DIRECTLY INTO INTAKE MANIFOLD HYDROGEN IS INJECTED SEPERATLY PREMATURE IGNITION IS REDUCED TEMP.= (~ 200C)

    CRANKCASE VENTILATION
    CRANKCASE VENTILATION IS EVEN MORE IMPORTANT FOR HYDROGEN ENGINES THAN FOR GASOLINE ENGINES. SINCE HYDROGEN HAS A LOWER ENERGY IGNITION LIMIT THAN GASOLINE, ANY UNBURNT HYDROGEN ENTERING THE CRANKCASE HAS A GREATER CHANCE OF IGNITING. HYDROGEN SHOULD BE PREVENTED FROM ACCUMULATING THROUGH VENTILATION.

    THERMAL EFFICIENCY
    THE THEORETICAL THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF AN OTTO CYCLE ENGINE IS BASED ON THE COMPRESSION RATIO OF THE ENGINE AND THE SPECIFIC-HEAT RATIO OF THE FUEL AS SHOWN IN THE
    EQUATION: th

    = 1- 1/ (V1/V2)^ -1

    WHERE: V1/V2 = THE COMPRESSION RATIO = RATIO OF SPECIFIC HEATS nth = THEORETICAL THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY

    EMISSION
    THE COMBUSTION OF HYDROGEN WITH OXYGEN PRODUCES WATER AS ITS ONLY PRODUCT:

    2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
    THE COMBUSTION OF HYDROGEN WITH AIR HOWEVER CANS ALSO PRO-DUCE NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX)

    H2 + O2 + N2 = H2O + N2 + NOx

    ADVANTAGES
    WASTE PRODUCT OF BURNING H2 IS WATER
    ELIMINATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES ELIMINATION OF ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE DUAL FUELLED VEHICLE LOWER
    INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENT MASS MARKET OF HYDROGEN OCCURE SOON
    EMISSION FOR GASOLINE ENGINE

    EMISSION FOR H2 ENGINE

    CASE STUDY OF BMW HYDROGEN 7 SERIES


    1) INTRODUCES AT 2006 LOS ANGELES AUTO SHOW. 2) FUEL- LIQUID HYDROGEN (~ 200C) 3) DIRECT IGNITION SYSTEM 4) FUEL TANK - DOUBLE WALL STAINLESS STEEL COATING 5) COLD RATED SPARK PLUG & NON PLATINUM TIP

    6) CRANKCASE VENTILATION
    7) BI-PRODUCT WATER VAPOUR & HEAT

    EURO NORMS
    Standard
    Euro 1 (01.07.1992.)

    CO
    3.16

    HC
    -

    HC+NOx
    1.13

    NOx
    -

    PM
    -

    Euro 2 (01.01.1996.)
    Euro 3 (01.01.2000.) Euro 4 (01.01.2005.) Euro 5 (01.09.2009.) Euro 6 (01.01.2014.)

    2.2
    2.3 1.0 1.0 1.0

    0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

    0.5
    -

    0.15 0.08 0.06 0.06

    0.005 0.005

    HYDROGEN IC ENGINE TEST


    NOx (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NMHC (g/mi)

    H2- ICE Test 1

    <<0.02

    0.0036

    0.006

    H2- ICE Test 2

    <<<0.02

    0.00317

    0.008

    CONCLUSION
    MUCH LIKE HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLES, HYDROGEN I.C.ENGINE VEHICLES PRESENT A CONSIDERABLE PROMISE: THE CHANCE TO IMPROVE ENERGY SECURITY AND REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY WEANING THE LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE SECTOR OFF OF GASOLINE. THIS PAPER HAS INDICATED THE ADVANTAGES OF HYDROGEN AS A FUEL FOR SPARK IGNITED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES AND HAS SHOWN THAT THE HYDROGEN ENGINE IS GROWING UP.

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