Académique Documents
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CHAPTER 2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-2 2-2
LO1
Financial Statements
Transactions are economic interchanges between entities that are accounted for and reflected in financial statements.
Borrow cash
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LO1
Financial Statements
Transactions
Procedures for sorting, classifying, and presenting (bookkeeping) Selection of alternative methods of reflecting the effects of certain transactions (accounting)
An entitys financial statements are the end product of a process that starts with transactions between the entity and other organizations and individuals.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Financial Statements
1-4 2-4
LO1
Accounts
Transactions are summarized in accounts.
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Accounts Payable
Accounts are used to organize like-kind transactions. Account balances are then used in the preparation of financial statements.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-5 2-5
LO2
Financial Statements
Required Disclosure Financial position at the end of the period Earnings for the period Cash flows during the period Investments by and distributions to owners during the period Financial Statement that Satisfies Requirement Balance Sheet Income Statement Statement of Cash Flows Statement of Changes in Owners' Equity
In addition to the financial statements, the annual report will probably include several accompanying notes or explanations of the accounting policies used and detailed information about many of the amounts and captions shown in the financial statements.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
1-6 2-6
LO2
Balance Sheet-Elements
Liabilities are amounts owed to other entities.
Equity is the ownership right of the owner(s) of the entity in the assets that remain after deducting the liabilities.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-7 2-7
LO2
Balance Sheet
Current assets are those assets that are likely to be converted into cash or used to benefit the entity within one year.
Main Street Store, Inc. Balance Sheet August 31, 2009 Liabilities and Owners' Equity Current Liabilities $ 34,000 Short-term debt $ 20,000 80,000 Accounts payable 35,000 170,000 Other accrued liabilities 12,000 $ 284,000 Total current liabilities $ 67,000 Long-term debt 50,000 40,000 Total liabilities 117,000 (4,000) Owners' equity 203,000 $ 320,000 Total liabilities and owners' equity $ 320,000
Assets Current Assets Cash Accounts receivable Merchandise inventory Total current assets Plant and Equipment Equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation Total assets
Current Liabilities are those liabilities that are to be paid within one year.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-8 2-8
LO2
Balance Sheet
Assets
=
Assets
Liabilities
Main Street Store, Inc. Balance Sheet August 31, 2009
Equity
Current Assets Cash Accounts receivable Merchandise inventory Total current assets Plant and Equipment Equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation Total assets
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Liabilities and Owners' Equity Current Liabilities Short-term debt $ 20,000 Accounts payable 35,000 Other accrued liabilities 12,000 Total current liabilities $ 67,000 Long-term debt 50,000 Total liabilities 117,000 Owners' equity Total liabilities and owners' equity 203,000 $ 320,000
320,000
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LO2
Income Statement
The income statement shows the profit (or loss) for the period of time under consideration.
Revenues result from the entitys operating activities (e.g., selling merchandise).
Main Street Store, Inc. Income Statement For the Year Ended August 31, 2009 Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Selling, general, and admin. expenses Income from operations Interest expense Income before taxes Income taxes Net income Earnings per share of common stock outstanding $ $ $ $ $ 1,200,000 850,000 350,000 311,000 39,000 9,000 30,000 12,000 18,000
Costs and expenses are incurred in generating revenues and operating the entity.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1.80
1-10 2-10
LO2
Income Statement
The income statement shows the profit (or loss) for the period of time under consideration.
Gains and losses are also reported on the income statement and result from nonoperating activities, rather than from the day-to-day operating activities that generate revenues and expenses.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Main Street Store, Inc. Income Statement For the Year Ended August 31, 2009 Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Selling, general, and admin. expenses Income from operations Interest expense Income before taxes Income taxes Net income Earnings per share of common stock outstanding $ $ $ $ $ 1,200,000 850,000 350,000 311,000 39,000 9,000 30,000 12,000 18,000
1.80
1-11 2-11
LO2
$ $
$ $
This financial statement shows the detail of owners equity and explains the changes that occurred in the components of owners equity during the year.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
1-12 2-12
LO2
The purpose of this financial statement is to identify the sources and uses of cash during the year.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-13 2-13
LO3
Time-Line Model
8/31/09 Fiscal 2009 Balance Sheet A = L + OE
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-14 2-14
LO3
The arrow indicates that net income affects retained earnings, which is a component of owners equity.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-15 2-15
LO3
If assets equal $300,000 and liabilities equal $125,000, what is owners equity?
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-16 2-16
LO3
If assets equal $300,000 and liabilities equal $125,000, what is owners equity?
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-17 2-17
LO3
Now, suppose that total assets increase $12,000 during the year and total liabilities decrease $3,000 during the year.
Balance Sheet Assets = 300,000 12,000 312,000 Liabilities + 125,000 (3,000) 122,000 Owners' Equity 175,000 ? ?
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-18 2-18
LO3
Now, suppose that total assets increase $12,000 during the year and total liabilities decrease $3,000 during the year.
Balance Sheet Assets = 300,000 12,000 312,000 Liabilities + 125,000 (3,000) 122,000 Owners' Equity 175,000 15,000 190,000
Owners equity must have increased by $15,000. Since owners equity was $175,000 at the beginning of the year, it must be $190,000 at the end of the year.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
1-19 2-19
LO4
Balance Sheet
Account Definition Cash on hand and in the bank Amounts due from customers Cost of merchandise acquired and not yet sold Cost of equipment purchased and used in business
Accumulated depreciation Portion of the cost of equipment that is estimated to have been used up in the process of operating the business Short-term debt Accounts payable Other accrued liabilities Long-term debt Owners' equity Amounts borrowed that will be repaid within one year of the balance sheet date Amounts due to suppliers Amounts owed to various creditors Amounts borrowed from banks or other creditors that will not be repaid within one year from the balance sheet date Residual claim of owners, computed as "assets minus liabilities"
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-20 2-20
LO4
Income Statement
Explanation Amount of sales of merchandise to customers, less the amount of customer returns of merchandise Represents the total cost of merchandise removed from inventory and delivered to customers as a result of sales Difference between net sales and cost of goods sold; Represents the seller's maximum amount of "cushion" from which all other expenses of the business must be deducted before it is possible to have net income Represents the operating expenses of the entity Represents one of the most important measures of the firm's activities Represents the cost of using borrowed funds Shown after all of the other income statement items have been reported because income taxes are a function of the firm's income before taxes A significant item in evaluating the market value of a share of common stock; Often referred to as "earnings per share" or EPS
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Selling, general, and administrative expenses Income from operations Interest expense Income taxes
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LO4
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-22 2-22
LO4
Captions Explanation Cash flows from operating Shown first; Net income is the starting point for this activities measure of cash generation Depreciation expense Added back to net income because it is subtracted to arrive at net income, but does not require the use of cash Increase in accounts receivable Increase in merchandise inventory Increase in current liabilities Deducted because it reflects sales revenues, included in net income, but not yet received in cash Deducted because cash was spent to acquire the increase in inventory Added because cash has not yet been paid for the products and services that have been received during the current fiscal period Cash flows from investing Shows the cash sources and uses related to long-lived activities assets Cash flows from financing Shows the cash sources and uses related to transactions activities with creditors and stockholders
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-23 2-23
LO5
Concepts/Principles
Now
Future
Accounting Entity Every economic entity can be separately identified and accounted for.
Going Concern Concept The presumption that the entity will continue to operate in the futureits not being liquidated.
Unit of Measurement Only transactions denominated in dollars (currency) are recorded in the accounting records.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Cost Principle Transactions are recorded at their original cost to the entity as measured in dollars.
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
1-24 2-24
LO5
Concepts/Principles
Objectivity The accountants desire to have a given transaction recorded in the same way in all situations.
Accounting Period The period of time selected for reporting results of operations and changes in financial position.
Matching Concept All expenses incurred to generate that periods revenues be deducted from revenues earned.
Accrual Accounting Recognize revenue at the point of sale and recognize expenses when incurred, even though the cash receipt or payment occurs at another time.
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-25 2-25
LO5
Concepts/Principles
Full Disclosure Circumstances and events that make a difference to financial statement users should be disclosed.
Materiality The increased benefit of increased accuracy should out weigh the cost of achieving the increased accuracy.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Conservatism When in doubt, make judgments and estimates that result in lower profits and asset valuations.
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
1-26 2-26
LO6
Revenue
when revenue is earned, at the point of sale of services or products.
Revenue
when payment is received for services rendered or products sold.
Expenses
when they are incurred.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Expenses
when they are paid.
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
1-27 2-27
LO7
Financial statements report only quantitative economic data. They do not reflect qualitative economic variables, such as the value of the management team or the employees morale. How do the terms quantitative and qualitative differ???
McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
1-28 2-28
LO7
Historical Cost Concept-Assets are usually valued at the cost of the Asset when acquired.
Matching Concept Estimates are acceptable provided there is a basis for them.
Many estimates are used, such as warranty costs, depreciation, and pension expense.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1-29 2-29
LO8
The annual report is distributed to shareholders (and others). It contains the financial statements, together with the report of the external auditors examination of the financial statements.
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End of Chapter 2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin