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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF STUDY RESEARCH FORMULATION RESEARCH OBJECTIVE SIGNIFICANT OF THE RESEARCH
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Hypertension is a common problem in adults. A systolic BP 140 mmHg or higher &/ diastolic BP 90mmHg. The major risk factors of stroke, heart failure, coronary artery disease, & renal failure. INA-MONICA Indonesia is 6-15% & World 15-20 % Hypertension ~ many risk factors
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Environmental noise is a significant problem in development country. An increasing number of people live in the vicinity of rail way track and experience considerable noise pollution. Few investigators have studied hypertension associated with exposure to aircraft & traffic road noise (Jarup et al, 2005).
Research Formulation
There is any difference of hypertension prevalence in people who live near and far from railway track?
Research Objective
General to find the difference of hypertension prevalence in people (risk or no risk of HT) who live near and far from railway track. Specific (1) to show hypertension prevalence in people who live near and far from railway track. (2) to show hypertension prevalence in people (risk of HT) who live near and far from railway track.
Etiology of Hypertension
Primary Hypertension ~ 95% HT Secondary Hypertension ~ 5% HT
Classification of Hypertension
The Seventh Report of the JNC on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Normal ~ <120 and <80 Pre-hypertension ~ 120-139/80-89 mmHg Stage I hypertension ~ 140-159/90-99 mmHg Stage II Hypertension ~ 160/ 100 mmHg
Diagnosis of Hypertension
Have no specific symptoms Usually: headache, weakly, insomnia, etc. A systolic BP 140 mmHg or higher &/ diastolic BP 90mmHg.
HYPOTHESIS
There is any significant difference of hypertension prevalence in people who live near and far from railway track
RESEARCH VARIABLE
Independent Variable ~ near and far from railway track. Dependent Variable ~ prevalence of HT Disturbance Variable ~ another risk factor of HT and environment
Research Design
Stage I Railway track Noise Hipertension Stage II Risk Factors of HT
Age
Genetic Smoke
Stress
Sex
Obesity
Characteristic Respondents
Male
Female BMI Not Risk Risk Smoke
42
58
42
58
40
60
40
60
74 26
74 26
65 35
65 35
Yes
No Alcohol Yes No Exercise
34
66
34
66
17
83
17
83
2 98
2 98
2 98
2 98
Yes
No Other Disease Yes No High Salt Intake
33
67
33
67
36
64
36
64
8 92
8 92
8 92
8 92
Yes
No
23
77
23
77
32
68
32
68
Characteristic Respondents
Railway Track Near Far
Categories
(f)
(%)
(f)
(%)
Normal
47
47
40
40
Prehypertension
34
34
37
37
Hypertension Stage I
13
13
13
13
Hypertension Stage II
10
10
Result
Railway Track
Near
HT Stage I
HT Stage II
HT Stage I
HT Stage II
13
13
10
0,435
DISCUSSION
There isnt any difference of hypertension prevalence in people who live near and far from railway track. Reason:
Difference of intensity, frequency, and long-term noise exposure associated with the BP effect. 24 hours, 20, 50-60dB influence of another risk factor of HT
Result
Railway Track t-test Risk Factors Near Far
Total
Hipertension
Total
Hipertension
Sign.
BMI
Smoke
26
34
9 (34,61%)
8 (23,53%)
35
17
14 (40,00%)
8 (47,06%)
0,032
0,200
Alcohol
HT History Not Exercise Other Diseases Age
2
17 65 8 100
0 (0,00%)
9 (52,94%) 12 (18,46%) 3 (37,50%) 19 (19,00%)
2
31 64 8 100
2 (100,00%)
17 (54,84%) 10 (15,63%) 5 (62,50%) 23(23,00%)
0,080
0,000 0,029 0,002 -
DISCUSSION
There is any difference of hypertension prevalence in people who live near and far from railway track. HT prevalence people who live far > HT prevalence people who live near ~ BMI, history of hypertension, disease caused hypertension, and high salt diet Reason:
Difference of intensity, frequency, and long-term noise exposure associated with the BP effect. 24 hours, 20, 50-60dB Overweight or obesity, history of hypertension, disease caused hypertension, and high salt diet as risk factor of HT (~ Pinion, 1999; Nursing modem, 2001; Williams, 2000; Cappuccino, 2007) influence of another risk factor of HT
DISCUSSION
There is any difference of hypertension prevalence in people who live near and far from railway track. HT prevalence people who live far < HT prevalence people who live near ~ sport Reason:
Difference of intensity, frequency, and long-term noise exposure associated with the BP effect. 24 hours, 20, 50-60dB Sports as risk factor of HT(~anonim, 2005) influence of another risk factor of HT
SUGESTION
For Respondent ~ prevention risk factor of HT For Next Research~ big sample & eliminate another risk factor of HT