GLOBALIZATION

JAN NEDERVEEN PIETERSE

TABLE 1 GLOBALIZATION ACCORDING TO SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES DISCIPLINES Periodizing Globalization: Histories of Globalization, Nederveen Pieterse, 2012

Disciplines
Political science, international relations Development studies Geography Economics

Time
1980

Agency, domain
Internationalization of the state, INGOs IMF, World Bank Space, place

Keywords
Competitor states, postinternational politics, global civil society Debt crisis, structural adjustment policies Local-global interactions, glocalization Global corporation, world product, global value chains. New economy, sovereign wealth funds Global village, McDonaldization, Disneyfication, hybridization Global problems, global ethics Capitalism, industrialism, urbanization, nation states Conquest of the world market

1970

Multinational corporations, technologies, banks, finance, hedge funds Media, film, advertising, ICT

Cultural studies Philosophy Sociology Political economy 1950 1800 1500

Ethics Modernity Modern capitalism

History, historical anthropology

Biology, ecology

3000 BCE
Time

Population movements, trade, technologies, world Religions

Integration of ecosystems

The widening scale of social cooperation. Global flows, Ecumene

Evolution, global ecology, Gaia

TABLE 2 MAJOR PERSPECTIVES ON START OF GLOBALIZATION Periodizing Globalization: Histories of Globalization, Nederveen Pieterse, 2012

Time Frame
Short 1970

Dynamics of Globalization
Production and transport technologies, form of enterprises, value chains, marketing; cultural flows Modernity

Disciplines
Economics, political science, cultural and communication Studies Sociology

Medium

1800

1500
Long 3000 BCE

World market, modern capitalism

Growing connectivity; forms of social cooperation

Political economy
History, anthropology, archaeology

TABLE 3 APPROACHES TO GLOBAL HISTORY Periodizing Globalization: Histories of Globalization, Nederveen Pieterse, 2012

Approaches
Eurocentric history World history

Keywords and Variants

World history ruptures 1500, 1800 Multiple civilizational zones Parallel and connected history

Sources
Mainstream, Bayly Toynbee, Barraclough, McNeill, etc. Lieberman Wallerstein, Cioffi-Revilla Frank/Gills Chase-Dunn/ Anderson, Friedman Labianca/ Scham, Jennings Thompson, Modelski

World-system studies

Modern world-system from 1500 A single world system 5,000 years Comparative world-system studies

Archeology Evolutionary world politics

Connectivity, networks, cities Transformation of political institutions

Evolutionary history, Big History

Embedded in planetary evolution

Garrathy/ Gay, Spier

TABLE 4 THRESHOLDS OF GLOBALIZATION Periodizing Globalization: Histories of Globalization, Nederveen Pieterse, 2012

Time
1980s 1960s 1820s 1571 1500 1200 500 1000 BCE 3000 BCE

Criterion
Information and communication technologies, containerization; end of Cold War Multinational corporations Convergence of commodity prices across continents All major zones of the world connected by trade The emergence of a world economy

Sources
General

ORourke/ Williamson Flynn/ Giraldez Marx, Wallerstein Braudel, Abu-Lughod Hobson

Commercial ties that link a large portion of the world Trade linking multiple regions Innovations, diffusion of technology, information

Manning, Ehret Mair, Goody Korotayev Jennings

4200 BCE

Development of cities

TABLE 5 PHASES OF GLOBALIZATION Periodizing Globalization: Histories of Globalization, Nederveen Pieterse, 2012

Phases
Eurasian globalization Afro-Eurasian Oriental globalization 1 Oriental globalization 2 Multicentric Euro-Atlantic 20C globalization

Start time
3000 BCE 1000 BCE 500 CE 1100 1500 1800 1950

Central nodes
Eurasia Greco-Roman world, West Asia, East Africa Middle East East and South Asia and multicentric Atlantic expansion Euro-Atlantic economy US, Europe, Japan: Trilateral globalization East Asia, BRICS, emerging societies, petro Economies

Dynamics
Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, trade, ancient empires Commercial revolution Emergence of a world economy, caravan trade Productivity, technology, urbanization; Silk Routes Triangular trade, Americas Industrialization, colonial division of labor Multinational corporations, (end of) cold war, global value chains New geography of trade, global Rebalancing

21C globalization

2000