UNI T 1:

I NTRODUCTI ON AND FLUI D PROPERTI ES

Fluid mechanics
Aug-Dec 2013
Professor
Dr. Luis E. Lesser Carrillo
Hydrogeologist/Environmental Engineener
Why have a lecture in English?
(my own experience is)

My own goal as professor (not TECs) is to inspire
my students to pursue a graduate degree abroad
(Canada, USA, Australia, maybe Europe)

I will be glad to help planning it!

2
By appointment
At Tec - before and after class
Out of Tec in my office
Class schedule at Tec:
Tutoring hours:
3
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
7-10 AM* 7-10 AM*
7-10PM**
* Laboratorio de hidrulica. Edificio 1 (1401)
** Classroom 3210
Dr. Luis E. Lesser Carrillo
luis_lesser@prodigy.net.mx
Ph. office: 223-1515 and 223-3361
Address office: Ro Guadalquivir # 3. Col. Path
4
Starbucks
engel, Y.A. and Cimbala, J.M., 2006. Fluid
Mechanics, fundamentals and applications, 2
nd
edition,
McGraw-Hill, 980 pp.
Textbook
5
The book was requested to Librera Lexis (Tecs
bookstore). However I do not know how many copies they
have. Gandhi and Librerias del Cristal may also have
some copies
I recommend the version in English, but you are welcome
to buy the one in Spanish if you prefer.
6
Streeter, V.L., Wylie, E.B. and Bedford, K.W., 1998.
Fluid Mechanics, 9
th
Edition, McGraw-Hill, 740 pp.
Finnemore E.J. and Franzini, J.B., Fluid Mechanics with
Engineering Applications, 10
th
Edition, McGraw-Hill,
790 pp.

Any fluid mechanics textbook will work!
Other References
Partial test: 80 %
Assignments: 20 %
Final Grade:
7
Partial test 1: 20 %
Partial test 2: 20 %
Homework: 20 %
Final exam: 40 %
Partial Grades:
Note:
For final grade, the reported partial grades wont be used
8
Exams schedule
1
st
Partial test: September 10
2
nd
Partial test: October 29
o Last session: November 26

Final test: TBA
9
Class Policies
Attendance Maximum 3 absences allowed
o Why do we miss classes?
o Audit/sit in
Lateness (activities as soon as class begins)
Cel. Phones
Suggestions for new class dynamics using
new technologies
Course Contents
1. Introduction and properties (Ch. 1 & 2 engel; Ch. 1 Streeter)
2. Pressure and fluid statics (Ch. 3 engel; Ch. 2 Streeter)
3. Mass and Energy Conservation Equations (Ch. 4, 5 & 6
engel; Ch. 3, 4 Streeter)
4. Dimensional Analisis (Ch. 7 engel; Ch. 5 Streeter)
5. Turbomachinery (Ch. 14 engel; Ch. 11 Streeter)*
6. Open channel flow (Ch. 13 engel; Ch. 13 Streeter)
10
mcargnel
11
Solids, Liquids and Gases show very different
intermolecular forces and distances
Unit 1: Introduction and properties
mcargnel
12
Liquids and Gases are Fluids
- Their behavior in a container is
different
- Different densities
- Both can be deformed by
tangential stresses
mcargnel
13
Density = mass / volume
m
V
=
Depends on temperature and pressure
Relative Density:
REF
s

=
Water at 4C is usually taken as r
REF
Some useful characteristics/definitions of fluids
mcargnel
14
Correlation for the density of liquid water
| |
1.7
2
0.2%
3
kg
1000 1.78 10 C 4
m
T

(
=
(

In industrial practice can be considered independent from pressure. Ex:
Calculate the liquid water density at different temperatures using the
above equation
= =
= =
= =

C 8
C 4
C 0
T
T
T
= =
= =
= =

C 50
C 30
C 15
T
T
T
Temperature range:
C 100 C 0 s s T
mcargnel
15
Correlation for the density of liquid water
How do these calculated results compare to those by Streeter?
3
3
0 C 999.9
5 C 1000
Kg
T
m
Kg
T
m

= =
= =
3
3
3
15 C 999.1
30 C 995.7
50 C 988.1
Kg
T
m
Kg
T
m
Kg
T
m

= =
= =
= =
mcargnel
16
Specific volume = volume / mass 1
s
V
v
m
= =
Specific Weight:
g =
Other useful definitions
Specific Gravity:
REF
S

=
F
P
A
=
Pressure:
2 2
Kg N
Pa
ms m
(
= =
(

[ ] psi
Which are the dimensions of pressure?
mcargnel
17
Capillarity
Surface tension
Other useful definitions
Vapor Pressure
Cavitation
Continuum approach
mcargnel
18
Ideal Gas Equation
s s
Pv R T =
Where:
PV nRT =
s
P R T =
P = absolute pressure
T = absolute temperature
R
s
= gas constant
R = universal gas constant
V= volume
v
s
= specific volume
r= density
n = number of moles
mcargnel
19
Ideal Gasesgeneral equation
Where:

n = number of moles
m = mass (g)
M = molar mass (g/mol)
m
n
M
=
PV nRT =
mcargnel
20
Universal Gas Constant
3
Pa m J N m
8.31446 8.31446 8.31446
mol K mol K Kg mol K
R

= = =

atm L
0.08205
mol K
R

=

PV nRT =
mcargnel
21
Example 2-1 (engel, 2006)
Determine the density, specific gravity (relative density), and mass
of the air in a room whose dimensions are 4 m 5 m 6 m at 100
kPa and 25 C. Use:
3
kPa m
0.287
kg K
Air
R

= =

mcargnel
22
Example 5.15 (Ravel and Navidi, 1990)
The pressure in an oxygen tank is 10 atm at 0C. What pressure will
develop in the tank if stored in a furnace room at 45C?
mcargnel
23
Example 1-6 (with different data)
In order to calculate the volume flow rate of water through a hose, a
student measures how long it takes to fill a cylindrical bucket
Determine the volumetric flow rate during the experiment (in L/min)
Bucket diameter 23.0 cm
Height of water collected 12.0 cm
Filling time 38.0 s
mcargnel
24
Physical Transport Properties
(Coefficient of) viscosity
Transport of Momentum
(Coefficient of) thermal conductivity
Conduction Heat Flow
Coefficient of diffusivity
Chemical species diffusion in others
mcargnel
25
If this experiment is conducted first with water and
then with oil the time required to empty the container
will be different: They have different viscosities.
A shaft turning inside a coaxial cylinder with a fluid in the
annular space (friction bearing)
Viscosity and the mechanism of momentum transfer
A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously when
subjected to a shear stress
mcargnel
28
If the annular cavity is small is acceptable to represent
the system in Cartesian coordinates
As time proceeds from an initial transient state, the steady
state is reached and a linear velocity profile is established.
Y
V
=
A
F
A constant force is required to maintain the motion.
The force per unit area is proportional to the velocity decrease in
the y direction.
Y
V

A
F
The coefficient of proportionality between the tangential stress
and the velocity gradient is called viscosity.
oThe force and velocity direction is x
oThe momentum direction is x
oThe shear stress is exerted in the x-direction on a
fluid surface of constant y
oThe x-momentum is transmitted in the y-direction
In Cartesian coordinates as drawn
d
-
dy
x X
V F
A
=
The force per unit area (stress) is proportional to the
negative of the local velocity gradient.
The same equation in differential form:

x X
yx
dV F du
A dy dy
t = = =
mcargnel
33
dy
du

yx
t
Graphic representation: Stress vs. Velocity gradient
(for Newtonian fluids: water, milk, alcohol, all gases)
The slope is the viscosity
Newtons Law of viscosity
mcargnel
34
Newtonian vs. non-Newtonian fluids
| | | |
| |
| | Y
V
yx
t =
UNITS
| |
| || |
| | V
Y
xy
t
=
| | | | | |
s
m
; m ;
s m
kg
2
= = = V Y t
| | s Pa
s m
kg
=

=
Newtons Law of viscosity
| |
g
Poise
cm s
= =

In cgs system:
Calculation of momentum flux (shear stress)
Compute the steady state momentum flux (t) when the lower plate
velocity is 0.3 m/s, the plate separation is 0.3 mm and the fluid
viscosity is 0.7 cP.

x
V F
A l
t = =
Remember:
Example 2-5 (engel, 2006): Determining the viscosity
37
The viscosity of a liquid is to be measured by a
Couette viscometer constructed of two 400-mm-
long cylinders. The outer diameter of the inner
cylinder is 120 mm and the gap between the two
cylinders is 1.5 mm.
The inner cylinder is rotated at 300 rpm, and the
torque (T) is measure to be 1.80 Nm. Determine
the viscosity of the fluid
Example 2-5 (engel, 2006): Determining the viscosity
38
R = radius
w = angular velocity
n = revolutions per unit time
(Ans.: 1.58 10
-1
Pa.s)
2 n e t =
x
V R e =
T FR =
2 A RL t =
Fluid [Pa.s]
Air 10
-5
Water 10
-3
Olive oil 10
-1
Glicerine 1
Honey (hot) 10
Syrup 100
Viscosities values in:
Figure 2-26,
Table 2-3 (Chapter 2) and
Tables A-3 to A-10 (Appendix)
in engel (2006)
Viscosities at room temperature
(order of magnitude)
40
Problem 2-72 (Cengel)
A thin 20-cm x 20-cm flat plate is pulled at 1m/s horizontally through a
3.6-mm-thick oil layer sandwiched between two plates, one stationary
and the other moving at a constant velocity of 0.30 m/s.
41
The dynamic viscosity of oil is 0.027 Pa.s . Assuming the velocity in
each oil layer to vary linearly. (a) find the location where the oil velocity
is zero and (b) determine the force that needs to be applied on the plate
to maintain the motion.
42
s
m
3 . 0 0 if = = V y
s
m
0 . 1 mm 6 . 2 if = = V y
Lower region:
s
m
0 . 0 mm 6 . 3 if = = V y
Upper region
s
m
0 . 1 mm 6 . 2 if = = V y
( )
I I I
b y m y V + =
( ) 3 . 0 500 = y y V
I
( )
II II II
b y m y V + =
( ) 6 . 3 1000 + = y y V
II
43
The location where the oil velocity is zero
( ) 3 . 0 500 = y y V
I
( ) 6 . 3 1000 + = y y V
II
m 10 6 . 0 in ; 0
3
= = y V
I
| | | | m 10 6 . 2 0 m; ;
s
m
3
s s = = y y V
I
| | | | m 10 6 . 3 m 10 6 . 2 m; ;
s
m
3 3
s s = = y y V
II
44
( )
500 0.3
I
V y y =
( )
1000 3.6
II
V y y = +
500 =
dy
dV
I
dy
dV
A F
I
I
=
1000 =
dy
dV
II
dy
dV
A F
II
II
=
The force needed to maintain the motion
( ) N 62 . 1 s 1500 m 20 . 0 s Pa 027 . 0
1
2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + =

dy
dV
dy
dV
A F F F
II I
II I