Chapter 8

Chemicals in Industry (Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri)

Prepared by: En. Shafie Bin Buyamin

8.1: Properties of Alloys and Their uses (Ciri-ciri Aloi dan kegunaannya)
Alloy: mixture of several metals or (Campuran beberapa logam) Metals + non-metals (Logam + bukan logam)

Stronger than pure metals (lebih kuat dari logam tulen)

Bronze (Gangsa)

Duralumin

Brass (Loyang)

Steel (Keluli)

Pewter

Examples , composition & Uses

Alloy Composition Properties Uses
Light, Aircraft, bullet strong, not train corroded Strong, shiny, not corroded Musical instrument, ornament, bells

Duralumin 95% aluminium 3% copper 1% magnesium 1% manganese Brass 75% copper (Loyang) 25% zinc

Alloy Pewter

Composition 97% tin 3% antimony & copper 99.5% iron 0.5% carbon

Properties Uses Shiny, not corroded Mugs, ornaments

Steel (Keluli)

Hard, Construction, strong, not bridge, car corroded

Bronze (Gangsa)

88% copper 12% tin

Hard, not corroded

Medals, swords, statues

Arrangement of Particles in Alloys (Susunan Zarah dalam Aloi)

Pure metal as equal size of atoms (logam tulen mempunyai saiz atom sama) Alloy has different size of atoms (Aloi mempunyai saiz atom berbeza) Alloy harder than pure metal (Aloi lebih kuat dari logam tulen) Metals atoms arranged in layer (atom logam tersusun berlapis) Can slide (mudah tergelincir) Foreign atoms added (atom asing ditambah) Arrangement not regular, not slide easily, stronger (susunan tidak sekata, tidak mudah tergelincir dan lebih kuat)

Arrangement of atoms In a pure metal (Logam tulen)

The layer of atoms Are easily sheared (mudah tergelincir)

Foreign atoms (Atom asing)

New arrangement of atoms in alloy (Susunan atom aloi)

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The Importance of Alloys in Industry

Industries

Brass & pewter to make ornaments

Steel to make car bodies

Bridges Building

Superconductor Alloy
Has very small electrical resistance Produce less heat when electric pass through Avoid energy wastage Very light Produce magnetic power Used in bullet train

Bullet Train (Keretapi Peluru)

8.2: Production and Uses of Ammonia in Industry Uses of Ammonia

Paints & colouring agents Prevent latex clotting

Make nitric acid Make cooling agent

Synthetic fabric (nylon) Make ammonia fertiliser

Make trinitrotoluene (TNT) in rocks explosion

Make laundry detergents

The Production of Ammonia in Industry

Haber process Introduced by chemist : Fritz Haber
Hydrogen + Nitrogen Ammonia

Mixing nitrogen : hydrogen (1 : 3) Compressed Passed through iron catalyst At specific temperature and pressure

 Haber process is reversible exothermic reaction (Tindakbalas eksotermik berbalik) Condition to optimum amount of ammonia: Moderate temperature At 450 C High atmospheric pressure at 250 atm Uses iron catalyst

Haber Process

Industrial Uses of Ammonia

1 Used in manufacturing ammonium salt fertiliser Nitrogen in fertiliser needed to synthesis protein in plants

Neutralisation of ammonia & acids produce salts

Ammonia + acid Ammonia + nitric acid

Ammonia + sulphuric acid Ammonia + phosphoric acid

Fertiliser Ammonium nitrate

Ammonium sulphate Ammonium phosphate

Fertiliser

Industrial Uses of Ammonia

2 To Manufacture of nitric acid Nitric acid produce explosives

Nitric acid also to produce Azo dyes Used in paints

Nitric acid

Nitric acid plant

Azo dyes

The Process of Producing Ammonia Salt Fertilisers and Urea Ammonia salt fertiliser
Acid + ammonium hydroxide

Salt + water

Ammonium salt fertiliser

Salt solution

 Urea

Urea

8.3: Effects of Industrial Waste Disposal

(a) Burning of fossil fuel - petroleum, coal, natural gas - Produced sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide - Negative effects: 1. acid rain 2. greenhouse effect 3. decrease quality of water 4. decrease photosynthesis 5. effect health

Effect of acid rain

(b) Harmful industrial toxic waste - Manufacturing Paint, textile, plastic - Acids, alkali, nitrate compounds, phosphate, heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium) - Corrosive, toxic, reactive, inflammable, cause disease - Effects: 1. change of water pH 2. increase mineral in river, lake 3. destruction of respiratory system, nervous system, immune system

(c) Agricultural waste - Palm oil, rubber - Organic waste decay and release toxic gases - Destroy aquatic life - Decrease oxygen

(d) Radioactive waste - Used in nuclear reactor & research institute - Release harmful radiation - Alpha, beta, gamma - Nuclear bomb very dangerous - Effect: ~ cancer, growth defect, death

Method of Controlling Industrial Waste Disposal

(a) Use of technology (b) Legislation (c) education

(a) Use of Technology

Type of industrial waste Toxic waste Carbon monoxide Method Oxidation pool High chimney with electrostatic compactor

Acidic gas
Radioactive waste Solid waste (palm oil)

Air cleaning system

Lead container, standard disposal procedure Processed to fuel, livestock

(b) Legislation
-

Laws, acts, regulations By government

Environment Quality Act 1974 (amendment) Environment Quality Regulation (crude palm oil, 1977) Environment Quality Regulation (clean air, 1978) Environment Quality Regulation (crude rubber, 1978) Environment Quality Regulation (Scheduled waste 1985)

(c) Education

In school curriculum Advertisements Campaign Mass media

8.4: Preservation and Conservation of the Environment

Type of pollution Water pollution Air pollution Effects on environment and human being -Water become toxic - Death of aquatic life -Lung disease -Acid rain

Thermal pollution
Radioactive pollution

-Harmful aquatic life -Increase surrounding temperature

- Genetic disease : cancer, infertility, growth disability

Phenomenon Greenhouse effect

Effects on environment and human being -Melting ice, rise sea level -Desert increase

Ozone layer
Acid rain

-Skin cancer, cataract

-Extinction of species, corrosion

Haze

- Problem of respiratory system

Importance of practising proper ways of disposing industrial waste:

1. Not harm health 2. Protect flora and fauna 3. Ensure continuity of next generation