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2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang
12-1
Learning Objectives Understand second-generation intelligent systems. Learn the basic concepts and applications of case-based systems. Understand the uses of artificial neural networks. Examine the advantages and disadvantages of artificial neural networks. Learn about genetic algorithms. Examine the theories and applications of fuzzy knowledge.
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 12-2
Household Financials Vision Speeds Loan Approvals With Neural Networks Vignette
Loan product regulation varies in each state Develop an object-oriented loan approval system
Neural network-based
Fed risk, interest rate variables, customer data Estimates credit worthiness, potential for fraud Pattern recognition
Integrates all loan approval phases Uses intelligent underwriting engine Reduced training time and administrative overhead Decreased managed basis efficiency ratio Upgradeable to web-based architecture
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang
12-3
Machine Learning
Acquisition of knowledge through historical examples Implicitly induces expert knowledge from history Different from the way that humans learn Implications of system success and failure unclear Manipulates of symbols instead of numbers
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang
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Methods
Supervised learning
Induce knowledge from known outcomes
New cases used to modify existing theories Statistical methods Rule induction Case based and inference Neural computing Genetic algorithms leading to survival of fittest
Unsupervised learning
Determine knowledge from data with unknown outcomes
Clustering data into similar groups Neural computing Genetic algorithms leading to survival of fittest
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang
12-5
Case Reasoning
Inductive Case base used for decision-making Effective when rule-based reasoning is not Case
Primary knowledge element
Ossified Paradigmatic Stories
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 12-6
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang
12-7
Process
Features assigned as character indexes
Indexing rules identify input features
Solution tested If successful, assigned value and stored If failure, explain, repair, test
Alter plan to fit situation Rules for permissible alterations
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 12-8
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang
12-9
Human Brain
50 to 150 billion neurons in brain Neurons grouped into networks
Axons send outputs to cells Received by dendrites, across synapses
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang
12-11
Neural Networks
Attempts to mimic brain functions Analogy, not accurate model Artificial neurons connected in network
Organized by topologies Structure
Three or more layers
Input, intermediate (one or more hidden layers), output
Processing
Processing elements are neurons Allows for parallel processing Each input is single attribute
Connection weight
Adjustable mathematical value of input
Summation function
Weighted sum of input elements Internal stimulation
Transfer function
Relation between internal activation and output
Sigmoid/transfer function Threshold value
Architecture
Feedforward-backpropogation
Neurons link output in one layer to input in next No feedback
Recurrent structure
Activities go through network multiple times to produce output
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 12-14
Network Learning
Learning algorithms
Supervised
Connection weights derived from known cases Pattern recognition combined with weighting changes Back error propagation
Easy implementation Multiple hidden layers Adjust learning rate and momentum Known patterns compared to output and allows for weight adjustment Established error tolerance
Unsupervised Only stimuli shown to network Humans assign meanings and determine usefulness
Adaptive resonance theory Kohonen self-organizing feature maps
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 12-15
Development of Systems
Collect data
The more, the better
Separate data into training set to adjust weights Divide into test sets for network validation Select network topology
Determine input, output, and hidden nodes, and hidden layers
Select learning algorithm and connection weights Iterative training until network achieves preset error level Black box testing to verify inputs produce appropriate outputs
Contains routine and problematic cases
Implementation
Integration with other systems User training Monitoring and feedback
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 12-16
Genetic Algorithms
Computer programs that apply processes of evolution
Viability of candidate solutions
Iterative process
Candidate solutions combine to produce generations
Reproduction, crossover, mutation
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang
12-17
Genetic Algorithms
Establish problem
Parameters
Number of initial solutions, number of offspring, number of parents and offspring for each generation, mutation level, probability distribution of crossover point occurrence
Generate initial set of solutions Compute fitness functions Total all fitness functions Compare each solutions fitness function to total Apply crossover Apply random mutation Repeat until good enough solution or no improvement
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2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang
12-19
Fuzzy Logic
Mathematical theory of fuzzy sets Imprecise thinking Describes human perception Continuous logic Not 100% true or false, black or white Fuzzy neural networks
Fuzzification
Fuzzy logic applied to input and output used to create model
Defuzzification
Model converted back to original input, output scales Output becomes input for another intelligent system
2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 12-20