5.

1 Conservation of mass (pg 220)

a) Mass Flow Rate Mass flow through a cross-sectional area per unit time is called the mass flow rate

m = Vn dA
A

where

Vn

is the velocity normal to the cross-sectional flow area .

The integration can be performed for one dimensional flow to yield

where

m = Vm A

= density of fluid, (kg/m3) Vm = mean fluid velocity normal to A (m/s) A = cross-sectional area normal to flow direction (m 2)

b) Volume Flow Rate Volume flow through a cross-sectional area per unit time is called the volume flow rate

V = Vn dA = Vm A
A

(m3/s)

The mass and volume flow rate are related by

V m= V =

c) Conservation of Mass for Open System or Control Volume Total mass entering the system Total mass leaving the system Net change in mass within the system

rate form

min mout = msystem

m in m out = m system

(kg)

(kg/s)

The mass balance for a control volume can also expressed more explicitly as

m m
in
i

out

= ( m2 m1 ) system

and

m m
where

dmsystem dt

i = inlet, e = exit, 1 = initial state, 2 = final state

d) Conservation of Mass for Steady-Flow Processes The states of the mass streams crossing the control surface or boundary are constant with time. Under these conditions the mass and energy content of the control volume are constant with time.

dmCV = m CV = 0 dt
=

Total mass entering CV per unit time steady flow

Total mass entering CV per unit time

in

= m out

( kg / s )

steady flow (single stream)

m1 = m 2

1V1 A1 = 2V2 A2

e) Special Case: Steady Flow of an Incompressible Fluid The mass flow rate is related to volume flow rate and fluid density by

m = V
Steady Incompressible Flow :

V = V
i

(m3/s)

Steady Incompressible Flow :

(single stream)

V1 = V 2

V1 A1 = V2 A2

Example 5.1
A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a 50 L bucket. The inner diameter of the hose is 2 cm, and it reduces to 1 cm at the nozzle exit. If it takes 50 s to fill the bucket with water, determine (a) The volume and mass flow rates of water through the hose. (b) The average velocity of water at the nozzle exit.

5.2

Flow work and the energy of a flowing fluid

The energy required to push the mass into or out of the control volume is known as the flow work or flow energy.

Schematic for flow work

As the fluid upstream pushes mass across the control surface, work done on that unit of mass is

1)

2)

A W flow = FL = FL = PV = Pmv A W flow (kJ/kg) w flow = = Pv m

The term Pv is called the flow work done on the unit of mass as it crosses the control surface

a) The total energy of flowing fluid The total energy carried by a unit of mass as it crosses the control surface is the sum of the internal energy, flow work, potential energy, and kinetic energy.

V e = u + ke + pe = u + + gz ( kJ / kg ) 2 2 V = u + Pv + ke + pe = h + + gz (kJ / kg ) 2
Here we have used the definition of enthalpy, h = u + Pv.

b) Energy transport by mass Amount of energy transport:

Emass

V2 = m = m h + 2 + gz (kJ )

Rate of energy transport:

E mass

V2 = m = m h + 2 + gz

(kW ) @ (kJ / s )

Example 5.2
Steam is leaving a 4-L pressure cooker whose operating pressure is 200 kPa. It is observed that the amount of liquid in the cooker has decreased by 0.5 L in 50 min after the steady operating conditions are established, and the cross-sectional area of the exit opening is 10 mm2. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam and the exit velocity, (b) the total and flow energies of the steam per unit mass (c) the rate at which energy leaves the cooker by steam.

5.3

Energy Balances for Steady Flow Systems

Steady flow process a process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily No intensive or extensive properties within the control volume ( the mass, m the volume, V and the total energy content, E remain constant)

Under steady flow conditions

Mass balance for steady flow process Multiple inlets and exits One inlet and one exit

mi = me

min = mout

m1 = m 2

or 1V1A1 = 2V2A2

Energy Balance for Steady Flow Process

. .

. 0 (steady) .

Ein - Eout = Esystem

Energy balance:

Ein = Eout

(kW)

Energy can be transferred by heat, work and mass only: the general steady flow system can also be written as

Q in + W in + mi i = Q out + W out + me e
where

V2 = h + 2 + gz

total energy of flowing fluid for inlet and exit

2 2 Ve Vi mi hi + Q W = me h + + gz + gz e e i 2 2

where

Q = heat transferred into the system (heat input) W = work produced by the system (work output)

Steady flow for single stream

2 2 V2 V1 Q W = m + g ( z 2 z1 ) h2 h1 + 2

per unit mass

V2 V1 q w = h2 h1 + + g ( z2 z1 ) 2