Chapter 2: Approaches to System Development : Object Orientation

What Is an Object?

An entity that encapsulates data and behavior - Objects are categorized into classes

- Each individual object is an instance of a class

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What Is Encapsulation?

The characteristic of object-orientation in which data and behavior are bundled into a class and hidden from the outside world
Access to the data and behavior is provided and controlled through an objects interface

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What Is a Class?
A category of objects that share the same attributes, operations, relationships, and semantics
All objects are instances of classes

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Name Attributes

Operations

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What Is an Attribute?
Attribute- a named property of a class that describes a range of values that instances of the attribute might hold
Attributes are the way classes encapsulate data

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Minus sign indicates these are private (hidden)

Attributes are properties containing values

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What Is an Operation?

A behavior of an object
Implemented in classes are methods Methods are identified and invoked by their signatures, including name, parameters, and return type

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Signature has name, parameters, return type

Method implements the behavior

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Plus sign indicates these are public (accessible)

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What Is Generalization?

A relationship between a more general (or parent) class and a more specific (or child) class
The more specific class has additional attributes and operations

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What Is Inheritance?

The mechanism by which the more specific class in a generalization relationship includes the attributes and operations of the more general class

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Subclasses inherit all attributes and operations of superclasses

Generalization represented by arrows from subclass to superclass

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What Is Polymorphism?

The ability for different classes of objects to respond to identical messages in different ways
Polymorphism = having many forms Different behaviors for the same message

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Here, each type of vehicle has its own version of calcPrice()

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What Is a Component?
A

replaceable part of a system providing a clearly defined function through a set of interfaces
of classes working together toward a common end; a subsystem

Group

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What Is an Interface?

The mechanism by which users of a component invoke its behaviors and manipulate its properties
The interface is implemented by method signatures

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Interfaces are represented as small rectangles

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What Is an Association?

A relationship or link between instances of (or objects) of classes Three types:

Simple associations: no ownership Aggregations: part-whole relationships where the part

can exist independently of the whole Compositions: part-whole relationships where the part and the whole are fully dependent on each other
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This is a binary association, showing roles and multiplicities

roles

multiplicities

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Systems Modeling
Systems modeling creating an abstraction of a system Abstraction focusing on the relevant aspects and ignoring other details UML is a modeling approach, involving these diagrams:

Use-case, sequence, communication, class, object,

activity, state, composite structure, package, component, deployment

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Unified Modeling Language (UML)

A standard notation for representing objectoriented systems

Boxes represent classes, components, packages, objects
Containing attributes and operations Provide interfaces to external entities

Lines represent generalization and other relationships

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Sample UML Diagram

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UML Diagrams

Use-case diagram shows use cases, actors, and relationships describing user interactions with system

Sequence diagram shows interactions of objects via message-passing in time-ordered manner

Communication diagram similar to sequence diagram, but without the time-ordering

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UML Diagrams

Class diagram shows set of classes and relationships (generalizations and associations) Object diagram shows specific instances of a class diagram Activity diagram shows flow of activities, or wokflow of objects

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UML Diagrams (cont.)

State diagram shows transitioning of an object from state to state in response to events Composite structure diagram shows how a component whole is made up of its parts Package diagram shows logical grouping of analysis or design elements

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UML Diagrams (cont.)

Component diagram shows software components or modules and their relationships

Deployment diagram shows configuration of runtime processing nodes and their components

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