Communication Systems in Power Applications

Overview
Introduction
Communication Needs of Power System Communication Technologies

Existing Communication Systems

Challenges Future Trends

Introduction
Communications is the enabling technology for Power System No single communication technology as being best suited for all power system needs Requirements must consider type, source, amount, frequency, and delivery requirements of data/voice transmitted

Communication Needs of Power System

Reliability Cost effectiveness Capacity to handle data rates Adequate to meet response requirements Ability to reach identified areas of power system Ease of operation and maintenance Security (of data and of control actions)

Communication Reliability
Reliable communication with respect to: Exposure to severe environment Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Transient EMI (lightning, faults) Outage of transmission lines Power outages Radio paths obstructed or attenuated (by buildings or foliage)

Cost Effectiveness
Communication system costs are significant High cost of communication system may become an impediment Evaluate both first cost and lifetime operation and maintenance costs Look for best trade-off between total costs and overall performance

Capacity to handle data rates

Perform data rate audit of present & upcoming schemes

Analyze each function Determine bit rate required to perform the function

Consider worst case scenarios Each communications system has a bandwidth limit There should be at least enough bandwidth along each path to meet data requirements A good margin allows for future growth and increased system flexibility

Ability to meet response requirements

Response requirements (measured in sec.) are distinct from data rate requirements (measured in kb/s or Mb/s), and must be met independently. Different functions have vastly different requirements for the delivery of the information; for example:
Function Open or close feeder switches Acquire substation status data Acquire feeder measurements Acquire meter data
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Delivery requirements 1-2 seconds 2-5 seconds 5-10 seconds 15 min. 24 hours and up

Ability to Reach Areas of Power System

Difficult Terrain Communications that rely on the power line may have difficulty

During outage of line Extreme weather conditions

Terminal equipment in outage areas may require backup power for long durations

Ease of Operation and Maintenance

A communications system is a complex combination of transmitters, receivers, and data links Manpower not trained and not familiar with communications equipment

Personnel trained for new skills involved ? New tools acquired ?

Use standardized components and communication protocols

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Security of data and control actions

Power System communication Data & Voice have critical importance. Communication security is a necessity.

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Security of data and control actions

Your substations are an element of the countrys critical infrastructure are you sure that you are in complete control?

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Security of data and control actions

Maintaining the security of communications between the control center and field devices is one of the most urgent problems facing todays control environment.

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Communication Technologies
Wired Wireless

Power Line Carrier Microwave Communication(PLCC) Dedicated Leased Line VSAT Optic Fiber Mobile Networks

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Power Line Carrier Communication(PLCC)

Power Lines used for point to point communication Terminal equipments used to send/receive data/voice Works on audio band width 20 to 20 KHz Carrier 30 KHz to 500 KHz

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Typical PLCC Arrangement for S/C LINE PHASE-GROUND COUPLING

E/W R Y B

CKT-I

E/W R Y B

CVT/CC
CD

CVT/CC

CD

Coupling Types in PLCC System

Line Trap, Coupling Device & CC/CVT known as Coupling Equipment CD consists of Surge Arrester, Drain coil, Matching transformer, Earth switch Functions of Coupling Equipment
-Inject carrier signal to EHV line without loss -Decouple carrier equipment from EHV line

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PLCC---Uses
Voice communication Tele-control Tele-protection SCADA data from RTU

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PLCC---Pros
Easy availability Cost effective Ease of operation & maintenance

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PLCC--- Cons

Limited bandwidth(4 KHz) Data speeds up to only 1200 Bauds possible Prone to Noise & Interference Effect of weather conditions-frost, high pollution etc Depends on physical connectivity of power lines Needs government approval for carrier freq selection Not suitable for todays needs of automation like SAS, remote control etc.

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Fiber Optic Communication

Fiber optic cable functions as a "light guide," guiding the light introduced at one end of the cable through to the other end. The light source can either be a light-emitting diode (LED) or a laser. Using a lens, the light pulses are funneled into the fiber-optic medium where they travel down the cable.

The light (near infrared) is most often are used : 850nm for shorter distances 1300nm for longer distances on Multi-mode fiber 1310-1320nm for single-mode fiber 1,500nm is used for longer distances.

Fiber Optic Communication(Contd..)

Two types of fibreMulti mode > 50micron core Upto 2 Kms Single mode < 10 micron coremore than 20 Kms Selected on the basis of distance & bandwidth needs Wave Division Multiplexing Used

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Fiber Optic (Contd..) Pros:

Fast becoming common in utilities for voice and data transmission Offer many advantages

extremely high data transmission rates immunity from electromagnetic interference Free from licensing requirements

Cost effective for very high data transmission rates in a point-to-point configuration

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Fiber Optic (contd..) Cons

Not as cost effective for applications, with

point-to-multipoint configuration Modest data transmission speed requirements

Prone to cable cut in underground configuration Repair & restoration specialized work

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VSAT Communication
Geo-synchronous satellite

36,000 km

Earth Station
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User site

VSAT(contd..)
Very small aperture terminals (VSATs) used for EMS/DMS For data comm. most frequently uses a shared channel, to lower costs

SATELLITE

Communications routed through a thirdparty network management center

NETWORK MANAGEMENT CENTER UTILITY CONTROL CENTER

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SHARED HUB

VSATs

VSAT (contd..)

Various frequency bands:

C-band (4/6 GHz), Ku-band (12/14 GHz),Kaband(30/20 GHz)

Advantages
Near-universal coverage Good reliability Fast installation

Disadvantages
Cost Transmission delays Blackout periods due to eclipses Attenuation in heavy rain (Ku band)

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Mobile Communication
Several competing technologies

Use of control channel on analog AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service), 800 MHz CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data)

The field is rapidly evolving (2G 3G) Currently, most applications are for AMR Recently also being offered for applications in

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feeder automation Potentially holds the promise of economical and wide-spread coverage

Tele-Control Protocols

IEC 60870-5-101 protocol (from RTU to Control Center communication IEC 60870-6-502 ( ICCP) protocol (between two Control Canters)

IEC 60870-5-103 protocol (for communication between IEDs in a Substation)

IEC 60870-5-104 protocol

MODBUS Protocol ( MFTs)

DNP 3.0 Protocol (Serial)---Master Station DNP 3.0 Protocol (TCP/IP)---Master Station

IEC 61850 protocol (for Substation Automation)

Tele-Control Protocols
The Present SCADA systems use IEC 60870-5-101 for data acquisition from RTUs/SAS IEC 60870-6-502 for data exchange between control centres

IEC608705-101
Physical Layer :
Information bit : 8 bit Stop bit : 1 Parity bit : Even Master Response Message [P]
(Request User Data)

Unbalanced

Request Message
(User Data, Confirm Expected)

[P] [S]
(Acknowledgment)

Slave

Data Link Layer

Standard Frame Format : FT 1.2 Maximum Frame Length : 255 bytes

[S]
(Respond User Data or NACK)

Transmission Layer ( Station address field Length : 1 or 2 bytes )

Unbalanced Mode : Transmitted messages are categorized on two priority classes( Class 1 & Class 2 ) Balanced Mode : All the messages are sent, No categorization of Class 1 and Class 2

[P] = Primary Frame [S] = Secondary Frame

Network Layer : Not defined as 870-5-101 is not IP based Application Layer

The length of the header fields of the data structure are: Station address 1 or 2 byte ( User defined ) ASDU Address : 1 or 2 bytes Information Object address : 2 bytes Cause of Transmission : 1 byte

Selection of ASDUs

ASDU 1 : Single point information ASDU 2 : Single point information with time tag ASDU 3 : Double point information ASDU 4 : Double point information with time tag ASDU 9 : Measured value, Normalised value ASDU 10 : Measured value, Normalised value with time tag ASDU 11 : Measured Value, Scaled value ASDU 12 : Measured value, Scaled value with time tag ASDU 100 : Interrogation Command ASDU 103 : Clock Synchronisation Command ASDU 120 - 126 : File transfer Command

ICCP Protocol
Associations
An application Association needs to be established between two ICCP instances before any data exchange can take place. Associations can be Initiated, Concluded or Aborted by the ICCP instances.

Bilateral Agreement and Table, Access Control

A Bilateral Agreement between two control-centers (say A and B) for data access. A Bilateral Table is a digital representation of the Agreement.

Data Values
Data Values are objects that represent the values of control-center objects including points (Analog, Digital and Controls) or data structures.

Data Sets
Data Sets are ordered-lists of Data Value objects that can be created locally by an ICCP server or on request by an ICCP client

Information Messages
Information Message objects are used to exchange text or other data between Control Centers.

Transfer Sets
Transfer Set objects are used for complex data exchange schemes to transfer Data Sets (all elements or a subset of the Data set elements) etc.

Devices
Devices are the ICCP objects that represent controllable objects in the control center.

ICCP Protocol(Contd..)
Conformance Blocks
ICCP divides the entire ICCP functionality into 9 conformance block subsets. Implementations can declare the blocks that they provide support for, thus clearly specifying the level of ICCP supported by the implementation. Any ICCP implementation must necessarily support Block 1ca

Block 1 Basic Services

Association, Data Value, Data Set, Data set transfer

Block 2 Extended Data Set Condition Monitoring

Data Set Transfer Set Condition Monitoring Object Change condition monitoring, Integrity Timeout condition monitoring

Block 3 Blocked Transfers

Transfer Reports with Block data

Block 4 Information Message

Information Message objects, IMTransfer Set objects Block 6 to Block 9 are not generally implemented Start Transfer Stop Transfer Data Set Transfer Set Condition Monitoring

Block 5 Device Control

Device objects Select, Operate, Get Tag, Set Tag, Timeout, Local Reset, Success, Failure

Communication Channel for Information flow

RLDC Wide Band Commn (MW / FO) SLDC SLDC Wide Band Commn Sub-LDC Sub-LDC Wide Band / PLCC Commn RTU RTU RTU

SCADA/EMS SYSTEM OVERVIEW CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM OF SCADA SYSTEM

REGIONAL LOAD AREA LOAD DISPATCH CENTRE (RLDC)

ICCP LINKS X21 INTERFACE

STATE LOAD AREA LOAD DISPATCH CENTRE (SLDC)

AREA LOAD DISPATCH CENTRE (ALDC)

Supervisory level Processor Interface level ( ALDC )

CCOMMUNICATION FRONT END PROCESSOR

IEC870 5 101
MODEM

MODEM

Communication level
MODEM MODEM

RTU
T T
CT PT CT

Data acquisition and

command actuation level Field Interface level
CR PANELS S/STN /POWER PLANTS
POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD

RTU
T T
CT PT CT

CONCEPTUAL SCADA SYSTEM DIAGRAM

SCADA : Data communication architecture

TFE computer TFE computer

Panel Multi-port Stallion Adapters

Panel multi-Port Stallion adapters

Modem

Splitter Modem
Modem

Modem

Modem

Modem

Modem

Modem

RTU

RTU

RTU

INTER-SITE communications
Protocol management ICCP within Open Access Gateway Data acquisition and transfer to other center(s) Indirect remote control (from / to other control centers)

SCADA/ ICCP Server ICCP

Other Sites/ICCP Server

RTU Connectivity
Normal RTU
LAN-B

Critical RTU

LAN-B

LAN-A LAN-A

CFE S

CFE

CFE

CFE

M M M RTU M RTU

Interface for RTUs reporting to Control Centre

Through PLCC LINK .

RTU Location
Data (FSK) Modem RTU Analog PLCC PLCC

Control Centre
Data (FSK) Modem Analog Modem Modem Modem

speech

speech

Interface for RTU reporting to Control Centre via Tandem PLCC/Wideband Link & Wideband Links
RTU Location
Modem RTU

Wideband Node
Data(Fsk) PLCC

Data(Fsk)
Analog

PLCC

Analog

Control Centre
Speech 1 2
Modem Modem Sub Modem Mux

Speech

Primary Mux Radio

1 2 3 --

Speech Require Modem

Primary Mux

Radio

3 -28 29 30
Radio Link

29 30 64 kbps Sub Mux

4 x E-1

4 x E-1

RTU at Wideband Node

RTU Through MICROWAVE

CFE

MUX

RADIO TX / RX

RADIO TX / RX

MUX

RTU

RTU Through FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM

CFE

MUX

OLTE

OLTE

MUX

RTU

CONTROL CENTRE

SUBSTATION/ GEN STN SIDE

Popular communication technologies in Indian Power systems:

Technology

%Usage
50 15 30 <1 5

Power Line Carrier Analog/digital Micro wave Fiber Optic GSM/GPRS V-sat

WIDEBAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR EASTERN REGION

ORISSA
Jeypore(CS)

Sub LDC Budhipadar

JHARKHAND
Hatia SLDC Ranchi
U/G

Bodhgaya
Manpur Atari Rajgir

BIHAR
Fatuha

Hajipur

Lalganj Mujaffarpur

Sub LDC Jayanagar Bargaon Therubali

Bamra

Biharshariff (BSEB) Biharshariff (CS)

SLDC Patna
Tower # 313 ( Repeater Shelter )

Kutra Akusingha
(Repeater )

Kahalgaon (CS )

Chandil Tarkera
Rourkela (CS ) Bokaro-B Jamshedpur ( CS ) STPS CTPS

80M

SLDC
Narendrapur Maithon-G

Backup 64 KBPS

Tower # 226 ( Repeater Shelter )

Barkote (Repater Shelter)

Kalyaneswari

Tower #146 ( Repeater shelter)

Mejia Waria Kalipahari Farakka(CS)

WEST BENGAL

Mendhasal Sub LDC Meramandali Chandaka

Chainpal

TSTPP
HVDC

CPCC Durgapur
Mankar Burdwan

Under PDT

Malda(CS)

Backup PDT

SLDC Bhubaneswar
60M

30M Kamakhyanagar Naupada Mathkargola Barchana Jajpur Town Duburi

Backup 64 KBPS

Belmuri 100M

Jeerat

SLDC
Howrah
Backup 64 KBPS Backup PDT

Sub LDC NBU India Bhutan border at 90 km

Siliguri (CS) Kasba : Under Ground Fibre

Vidyut Bhavan

DVC HQ : : : :

LEGEND:Microwave Link with Station Microwave Repeater Station Fibre Optic Link with Station Monitoring Centre

ERSCC Calcutta

100M

: RTCC link between Jey- Dgp For Indrvati & Jeypore RTU & Backup link

W ID E BAN D C OM M UN ICATION N ETW ORK F OR N O RTH ERN R EGION SC ADA S YSTEM

J A M M U & K A SHMIR
GL A DNI DUL HA S TI SAL AL CHA M E RA -1 JA NI P URA CHA M E RA -2 B A I RA S UI L GA NGUW A L K UNI HA R ROP A R JUTOGH-S L DC K I S HE NP UR URI UDHA M P UR W A GOORA M E E R UT -8 00 M UZ A F E RNA GA R JA L L A NDHA R-I I M UHA M DP UR GA GA L

PUN J A B
HA M I RP UR

RI S HI K E S H

HA RDW A R

HIM A CHA L PRA DESH

ROORK E E

UTTA R PRA DESH

ROORK E E

M E E RUT K I S HA NP UR P A NCHK UL A NA RW A NA

(PG) 800

K URA L I GORA Y A JA M A L P UR B A RNA L A

HA RYA N A

M E E RUT-2 2 0 (M ODI P URA M )

M URA D NA GA R-I I

TI B E R
A M RI TS A R M A L L E RK OTL A L UDHI A NA

CHA NDI GA RH (B B M B )

A S S A NDH

P A NI P A T-TP S

GUL A UTI

JA L L E NDHA R M OGA
F A TE HA B A D

P A NI P A T-S L DC

K HURJA

M U R A D NA GA M OGA JA GRA ON L A L TON K A L A N M A L E RK OTL A GOB I NDGA RH P A TI A L A - S L DC NA RORA N A L A G ARH K A I THA L P A TI A L A HI S S A R RA TA NGA RH B A HA DURGA RH JHA JJA R A B DUL L A P UR S ONI P A T N A T H P A JHA KRI S I K A NDRA RA O NA US E RA DHUL K OTE HA RDUA GA NJ

H I S S AR
CPCC-2

E TA H 1 2 3 B HI W A NI DA DRI S L DC

NA RE L A L A CHM A NGA RH B A W A NA

GOP A L P UR

W A Z I RA B A D P A TP A RGA

M O R A D ABA D M A I NP URI NARORA

GA Z I P UR

NI B K A RORI V I NDHY A CHA L L UCKNO G O R A K HP U

RA J A STHA N
SIKAR K HA NJA W A L A

URI BAL IA GORA K HP UR D A U L I GA N GURS A HA I GA NJ

M I NTO ROA D
B A HA DURGA RH RA I B A RE I L L Y L OCA L _P G L ODHI ROA D

I P . P OW E R CB GANJ

TA NA K P UR S I TA RGA NJ V I N D HY C HA L B I L HA U

DEL HI

UNNAO

P A L S A NA

R S CC N R LDC
NA JA B GA RH CPCC-1

UNCHHAR

I P . E X T. DA DRI HV DC
DA DRI GA S D A D R I TH M

A L L AH ABA D S I NGRA UL I PANKI

A L L A HA B A U R I YA

K A NP UR
RI HA ND HV DC R I H A ND THM K A NP UR A JGA I N L UKHNOW ( S A R O JNI N a g ar )

S I NGRA UL I

RE E NGUS

S A RI TA V I HA R
DADRI B A DA RP UR A GRA A NTA B H I W ADI B A DA RP UR RI HA ND HV DC S H A K TI BHAW AN M E HRA UL I OK HL A AGRA B HI W A DI F A R I D ABA D B A L L A B GA RH TE HRI M A NDOL A B A RE I L L Y RA E B A RE L I RI HA ND P I P RI S A M E S HI

HI NGONI A

B A S SI L UCK NOW RA I B A RE I L L Y B A M NA UL I

M A I NP URI
S I RS HI B A L L A BGA RH M A N D OLA OB RA B RA M GA NJ S TA TI ON P HA GI RE P E A TE R S UB S L DC K OTA CHI TTORGA RH M A L P URA K A K RA UL I A NTA
( PG )

AL W AR
BASSI

DA L L A

GA URI GA NJ

H E E R AP U RA

L EGEN D

S UL TA NP UR

ROB E RTGA NJ

DE B A RI

M AU AIM M A S L DC M A RI HA NE CP CC A L L A HA B A D NO P A TH F IBER M I CROW A V E

R A PP - A
R A PP - B

B HI NM A L
R A P P -C

K E K RI S A HA P URA B HI L W A RA M A NP URA B I JOL I A DA B I TA L E RA K OTA

HA NDI A
A Z A M GA RH V A RA NS I S A HUP URI CHUNA R M I RZ A P UR

TE L E COM L I NK
DI F F E RE NT P A TH V S A T / M E K S E T L I NK

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION CORPORATION LIMITED

NORTHERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE

W ID EB A N D C OMMUN ICA TION N ETW ORK F OR N ORTH ERN REGION SC A DA SYSTEM

Prepared by :
Updated on :

SCADA Deptt.
October, 2010

Challenges
Indian Power networks growing faster, larger & more complex. Data communication needs to be much faster catering to smart grid initiatives being taken up. With faster, smarter & innovative technologies, data security to be addressed adequately. All radio communication to be replaced with fibre optic network by Dec.,2011 as per GOI decision.

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Future Trends

Smart grid technologies driving communication needs. High speed fibre optic networks need of the hour. Increasing use of internet as the mechanism for data communication. Main thrust on security issues with use of web based technologies. Introduction of Service oriented architecture(SOA) will need high band width networks.

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Future Trends (contd..)

Growing insistence on adherence to communication standards. Possible application of cellular digital packet data radio technologies.

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Thank You

Devendra Kumar
DGM,ERLDC